Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and theability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It l inyoung adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as weage. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brainfunction may not be.
One study found that muscle 1oss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen areassociated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors mighthelp prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fatfrom more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reportedchanges in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11 .For women, the association may be 12 to changes in immunity that resulted fromexcess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped thatfuture studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different 15 for men andwomen.
16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain leanmuscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highlyrecommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exerciseand following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processedfoods.1.
[A] pauses
[B] return
[C] peaks
[D] fades
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2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.
[A] alternatively[A] while[A] detection[A] possibility[A] delay[A] modified[A] devoted[A] with[A] lived[A] ran out[A] superior[A] restored[A] alter
[A] compensations[A] Likewise[A] change[A] well-being[A] level[A] design
[B] formally[B] since[B] accumulation[B] decision[B] ensure[B] supported[B] compared[B] above[B] managed[B] set off[B] attributable[B] isolated[B] spread[B] symptoms[B] Meanwhile[B] watch[B] process[B] love[B] routine
[C] accidentally[C] once[C] consumption[C] goal[C] seek[C] included[C] converted[C] by[C] scored[C] drew in[C] parallel[C] involved[C] remove[C] demands[C] Therefore[C] count[C] formation[C] knowledge[C] diet
[D] generally[D] until[D] separation[D] requirement[D] utilize[D] predicted[D] applied[D] against[D] played[D] went by[D] resistant[D] controlled[D] explain[D] treatments[D] Instead[D] take[D] coordination[D] space[D] prescription
1.【答案】C peaks
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句间逻辑关系。文章首段首句为主题句，谈到一个概念：流体智力（fluid intelligence），是一种智力类型，它与短期记忆和快速、逻辑和抽象地思考以解决新问题的能力有关。想要解决空格处需要分析整句话的逻辑关系。前文提到青年人，后文提到这种流体智力智力随着年龄增长会慢慢下降，所以根据时间发展的关系，前面提到这种智力在青年时达到峰值（peaks），并且会停留一段时间，随后随着年龄的增长会逐渐下降。正确答案为 peaks。pauses 暂停；return 恢复，返回；fades 逐渐消退。2.【答案】D generally
【解析】此处考察词汇辨析。根据上一道题目的具体分析，不难得出空格处应该是对这种普遍现象得修饰，we age 体现我们大所数人，所以应该选择 D generally。alternatively 要不然， 或者（二者择其一）； formally 正式地，正规地；accidentally 偶然地。3.【答案】A while
【解析】此处考察句内逻辑关系。空格处所在句子是以转折词 But 开始，但考察句内之间
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的意思转折：但是， 3 年纪增长不可避免，科学家发现某些大脑功能不会发生变化。年纪增长和科学家的发现是对立的观点，所以应该选择 while，尽管。since 因为；当时；once
一旦；until 直到。
4.【答案】C consumption
【解析】 此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词 and 将空格处与前文 muscle loss 并列，行车前后近义词的关系，那么空格处要选择一个与肌肉消失表达意思相近的词。所给选项中只有 C 选项 consumption 意思是消耗的意思，带入原文符合句意。detection 侦查，勘察；accumulation 积累，积攒，增加；separation 分开，分离。5.【答案】A possibility
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。suggest 一词是解题的关键，这个单词用在考研英语的文章中大部分都是暗示的意思，that 引导的同位语从句中句子的谓语动词前还有情态动词 may 表推测，这都是在说明一种不太确定的可能性，所以选择 possibility。decision 决定；goal 目标；requirement 要求。6.【答案】A delay
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句内逻辑关系。并列连词 or 将空格处和前文 prevent 构成近义词的关系，delay 延迟和 prevent 阻止是相近句意表达。ensure 确保；seek 寻求，请求；utilize利用，使用；
7.【答案】Cincluded
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。根据题干和选项特点不难看出句中 that 引导的是一个定语从句， 从句列举了 data 的具体分类和实验人群，所以定语从句是在具体说明 data 的内容，要选择included 包含，包括。modified 改变；supported 支持；predicted 预测。8.【答案】B compared
【解析】此处考察动词短语词义搭配和辨析+上下文语境。空格处表 devote to 把 专用于，完全用于；compare A to B 将 A 和 B 进行比较；convert A to B 将 A 转变成 B；apply A to B将 A 应用于 B。空格处所在句意为将那些数据和已知报道进行.。后文和下文都是在进行不同情况的比较来得出答案，所以应该选择 compare。9.【答案】A with
【解析】此处考察介词的用法。这个介词里只有 with 能体现的是某种状态：有着较高腹部脂肪检测结果的中年人.......10.【答案】C scored
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。空格处所在句子表达：有着较高腹部脂肪单位的中年人在流体智力检测时得分不高，测量智力是会得出具体分数的，就像我们平时说的智力 测试。lived 生存，活着；managed 完成；scored 得分；played 表现。11.【答案】D went by
【解析】此处考察动词短语辨析。 as the years went by. 随着时间的流逝，也算是固定的搭配。ran out 耗尽，放弃；set off 出发，动身，启程；drew in 吸引，拉入。12.【答案】B attributable
【解析】此处考察形容词辨析+上下文逻辑关系。空格处所在句子用分号隔开，分号代表前后两句话讨论得是一个问题，有可能相同也有可能相反。分号前说免疫系统对于女性来说的 作用，后文是用男性来进行比较，说免疫系统对于男性的变化没什么作用。前后是相反的观 点，所以免疫系统对女性是有影响的。attributable to 归因于 ; superior
to 优于，胜于；parallel to 平行于，与......平等；resistance to 抵抗。13.【答案】C involved
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【解析】此处考察非谓语动词词义辨析。分析了上一题，这一道题也迎刃而解，空格处所在句子是在表达对于男性而言，免疫系统没有对其产生影响，did not appear to be involved，似乎不涉及在内。
14.【答案】D explain
【解析】此处考察动词辨析+句意理解。It is hoped that ...体现出是寄希望于以后的实验研究来得出结论。alter 改变，变更，更改；spread 开展，传播；remove 移除，清除。15.【答案】Dtreatment
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。空格处所在句子表明：希望今后的研究能够解释这些差异，并 可能导致对男人和女人的不同待遇。因为有差别才应该采取不同的对待方式。compensations 补偿；symptoms 症状；demands 要求，需求；treatments 处理，对待。16.【答案】BMeanwhile
【解析】此处考察段落之间的逻辑关系。there are steps 体现出有一些措施可供参考，可见空格处所在段落体现本段与上一段之间的递进的关系。meanwhile 同时；Likewise 同样地，也；Therefore 因此；Instead 代替，而不是。17.【答案】D take
【解析】此处考察定语从句+ 短语搭配。 there are steps you can 17 to help reduceabdominal fat... you can 的前面省略了定语从句关系词 that，从句修饰 steps，take steps to do短语表示采取措施做某事。Change 改变；watch 注意，观察；count 数数。18.【答案】A well-being
【解析】此处考察固定短语搭配。physical and mental well-being 身心健康。19.【答案】A level
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+句意理解。空格所在处意思是给大家推荐两种生活方式，一是 保持或提高你的有氧运动水平。Love 喜爱；knowledge 知识；space 空间。20.【答案】C diet
【解析】此处考察单词辨析+定语从句。空格处后面 that 引导的从句是这道题的解题关键：that 引导定语从句，对前面的名词进行修饰，那么从句的内容就是先行词得以选出得重要线索。从句中主要讨论事物的问题，那么空格处应该填入 diet 饮食符合语法结构和句意表达。Design 设计；routine 行程，流程；prescription 处方。
Section II
Part A Directions:Reading Comprehension
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, Cor D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
How can Britain's train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises,imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get
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to work or otherwise. This year' s rise an average of 2.7 percent, maybe a faction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Ind-er (CPI) measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost ofinvesting in and running the rail network. Should be borne by those who use it, rather than thegeneral taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincoln-shire haveto subscribe the daily commute of a stockbroker from survey? Equally, there is a sense that thetravails of commuters in the south East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, havereceived too much attention compared to those who must endure the relativity poor infrastructureof the Mid lands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worstrail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they aremaking to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for thesubstantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the test wave of strikes restson the wines. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected byindustrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement,so that even when strikes occur services can continue to operate. This should from part of a widerpackage of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, moreinvestment is needed ,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must alsoendure cramped, unreliable services interrupted by regular chaos when time tables are changed, orplanned maintenance is managed incompetently. They threat of nationalization may have beenseen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is notaddressed in short order.
21.The author holds that this year's increase in rail passenger fares
[A]has kept pace with inflation.[B]is a big surprise to commuters.[C]remains an unreasonable measure.[D]will ease train operators burden.答案：C
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22.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for
[A]rail travelers.[B]car drivers.[C]local investors. [D]ordinary taxpayers.答案：A
23.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators
[A]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes.[B]have failed to provide an adequate service.[C]are offering compensation to commuters.[D]are trying to repair relations with the unions答案：B
24.If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face
[A]the loss of investment.[B]the collapse of operations.[C]a reduction of revenue.[D]a change of ownership.答案：D
25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?[B]Constant Complaining Doesn't Work[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable答案：D
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia's bleak rate deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country 's antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents
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under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regularmedical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs aredesigned to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They are already used indozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the programme has provided enough food andmedicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But the CCT programs don't generally consider effects on the environment. In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, saysPaul Ferraro, an economist at Johnns Hopkins University.
That's because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However, those correlations don' t prove cause and effect, The only previous study analyzingcausality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view.There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raisefor meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wantedto see if Indonesia's poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia hasthe third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012 -including during Indonesia's phase in of the antipoverty program - in 7,468 forestedvillages across 15 provinces. “We see that the program is associated with a 30 percentreduction in deforestation,” Farrow says.
That's likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurancepolicies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically. if rains are delayed, people mayclear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvest. With the CCTs, individuals instead canuse the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody's guess. Farrow suggests theresults may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance ofgrowing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what'sgood for people may also be good for the environment. Even if this program didn't reducepoverty. Ferraro says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxideemissions alone is more than the
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program costs”
26.According to the first paragraph, CCT programmes aim to .[A]Facilitate health-care reform[B]help poor families get better off[C]Improve local education systems[D]lower deforestation rates答案：B
27.The study based on an area in Mexico excited to show that .[A]cattle raising has been a major livelihood for the poor[B]CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles[C]antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers[D]economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation答案：D
28.In his study about Indonesia, Farrow intends to find out .[A]its acceptance level of CCTs[B]its annual rate of poverty alleviation[C]the relation of CCTs to its forest loss[D]the role of its forests in climate change答案：C
29.According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is valuable in that .[A]it will benefit other Asian countries[B]it will reduce regional inequality[C]it can protect the environment[D]it can benefit grain production答案：A
30.What is the text centred on?
[A]The effects of a program.[B]The debates over a program.[C]The process of a study.
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[D]答案：A
The transfer ability of a study.
Text 3
As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluatethe past, I've become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorianancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th- century prudery?). I've foundquite a few, and - since I started posting them on Twitter 一 they have been causing quite astir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did,laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as thehundred-or -So years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians' makes up only atiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and1900, the majority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of paintedbackdrops, or staring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure timeswere notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on asilvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images assitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as thecamera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committalblank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1 880s, and the introduction of theBox Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today's digitalstandards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easyto capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians stillhesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Naturegave us lips to conceal our teeth.” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact thatbefore the birth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashingset of healthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian societ9y, thepreserve of the
super- rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks,tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll'sgum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even MarkTwain,a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits therecould be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.31.According to paragraph 1, the author's posts on Twitter .A.illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB.highlighted social media's tole in Victorian studiesC.re-evaluated the Victorian's notion of public imageD.changed people's impression of the Victorians.答案：D
32.What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A.They are rare among photograph of that ageB.They show effect of different exposure timesC.They mirror 19th-century social conventionsD.They are in popular use among historians答案：A
33.What might have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the 1890s?
A.Their inherent social sensitivenessB.Their tension before the cameraC.Their unhealthy dental conditionD.Their distrust of new inventions答案：C
34.Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was .A.a thought-provoking ideaB.a misguide attitudeC.a controversial viesD.a deep-rotted belief
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答案：D
35.Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A.Why did most Victorians look stem in photographs?B.When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C.What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D.How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm?答案：A
Text 4
From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companiesworried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power andincentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That's why there has been such a strongdemand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online,preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fl- in part because of push-back frombroadband providers anti -regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals courtunchanged in again. Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution. It onlyprolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Courtwas the latest take of the Federal Communications (FCC) om net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules theFCC had adopted. When it had a democratic majority in2015. But rejected the commission'sauthority. To require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared thatstate and local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.
The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior,such as a broadband-providing conglornerable like ATRT favors its own video- stressing service atthe expense of Notfish and Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday. the appeals court. Unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband.provides citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulating more. ButJudge. Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that \"the result is unhinged from the
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realities of modem broadband service”, and said Congress on the Supreme Court could intervene to avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.
In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules. On notneutrality, while preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between theJustice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of theFCC's abdication.
The endless legal battles and back- and -forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needsto give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers frommeddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness andinnovation online.
36.There has long been concern that broadband providers would
A.bring web-based firms under controlB.show partiality in treating clientsC.slow down the traffic on their networkD.intensify competition with their rivals答案：B
37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC
A.takes an anti-regulatory stanceB.sticks to an out-of-date orderC.has issued a special resolutionD.has allowed the states to intervene答案：B
38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
A.It engages in anti- competitive practicesB.It protects against unfair competitionC.It is under the FCC' s investigationD.It is in pursuit of quality service答案：A
39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decision
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A.focuses on trivialities
B.conveys an ambiguous message.C is out of touch with realityD. is at odds with its earlier rulings.答案：C
40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
A.Broadband providers' rights should be protected.B.The FCC should be put under strict supervisionC.Rules need to be set to diversify online servicesD.Congress needs to take action t0 ensure net neutrality.答案：D
Part B Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extrachoices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)
In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as somethingsinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it inrelation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companiesand the larger economy that don't involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?
A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Servicesfound that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than inautomating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacingemployees:
Better hiring practices
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are
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much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm:How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computerscience professor at the University of Washington. In addition, “(41) ” One companythat's doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in thehiring process
More effective marketing
Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase openrates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston,a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.
Saving customers money
Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving themmoney while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cutdown on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AImodels that more accurately assess risk. Domingos says, “(43) ”Improved accuracy
“Machine leaning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.”(44) Protecting and maintaining infrastructure
A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “Ifthey fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive,” says Domingos. “(45) ”A.AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you're doing research, you can have AI go out andlook for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn't have time for.
B.There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance acrossmultiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestionsabout where advertising funds will yield best results.
C.One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This
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process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.
D.We're also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.
E.You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees to go to.
F.AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.
G.Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.【答案】41.F42.B43.G44.C45.E【解析】Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies.(46)Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constantat 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, greatsocial and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growingdemand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with morethan a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry tohigher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending auniversity before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems ofhigher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly (though unevenly) during15
the 1970s and 1980s.
The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, andthese in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48)In many counties of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled withinfive-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle ofthe 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individualinstitutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age groupenrolled in institutions of higher education.
Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. Forexample, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, ofadministration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, fiveto 20 members within three or four years, (49) and when the new staff predominantly young menand women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life inthat faculty, And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of aclose apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culturebecomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for theintellectual and academic life of the institution this was seen in America as well as in France,Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50)High growth rates increased the chances for academicinnovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students areadmitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth. In the1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governancearrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
46.【解析】1.这句话主干为 Those societies came out of the war.
2.with levels of enrollment 是介宾短语作状语；
3.that had been roughly constant at 3%-5% of the relevant age groups 是定语从句修饰
前面 levels of enrollment.
【参考译文】战争结束后，这些社会的入学率仍旧保持在战前几十年里相关年龄段的3%-5%。
47.【解析】1. 这句话主干为 the demand extended to groups and social classes，其中 extended为谓语动词；
2.that rose in those societies of entry to higher education 定语从句修饰 demand；
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3.that had not thought of attending a university before the war 定语从句修饰前面
groups and social classes.
【参考译文】那些社会中对获得高等教育的需求不断上升，战前没有想过上大学的群体和社 会阶层也逐步有了这样的需求。
48.【解析】这句话主干为 the numbers of student in higher education doubled and double again， In many countries of western Europe 为地点状语，其他部分为时间状语从句。
【参考译文】20 世纪 60 年代，许多西欧国家接受高等教育的学生人数在 5 年内翻了一番，到 70 年代中期，在 7 年、8 年或 10 年里又翻了一番。
49.【解析】这句话主干为 they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty，when引导的是时间状语从句； 其中 fresh from past graduate study 是形容词短语修饰 men andwomen。
【参考译文】新员工当中大部分是刚毕业的年轻男女时，他们在很大程度上定义了该院的学术生活规范。
50.【解析】1.这句话主干是一个并列句为 High growth rates increased the chances for
academic innovation, they also weakened the forms and process；
2. by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during
periods of stability or slow growth 定语从句修饰 forms and process.
【参考译文】高增长率增加了学术创新的机会，同时也削弱了教师和学生在稳定或缓慢增长 时期加入学者群体的形式和过程。
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Section IIIWriting
Part A
51.Directions：
A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your own name in the email. Use \"Li Ming\" instead (10points)真题解析：
给外国朋友提出有关于在中国找工作方面的建议。建议信的考频无疑是考研历年真题中考频最高的。分别在英一 2007 年、2009 年、2012 年、2014 年，以及英二 2011年、2016 年、2019 年和 2020 年全都有涉及考察建议信的常用英语写法。例如：给学校图书馆提建议、给学校校长提建议加强学生身体素质、给报社编辑写关于白色污染的建议信、给留学生写关于大学生活的建议信、给亲属写如何准备大学生活的建议信、给好朋友写如何学 习翻译的建议信等等。只要学生们在考前有充分练习曾经考过的这些篇建议信真题，那么今 年考场上一定会发挥得又快又好！还是那句话，搞定历年真题，作文就足够了！
写作时，按照一般顺序。第一段写信目的；第二段具体给出拟定的讨论话题并给出理由 和讨论的安排；第三段表达客套性内容和期待。本文的三段内容可以这样安排：第一段第一 句写问候语与好久不见的朋友寒暄并表示对他即将来中国表示自己的愉快心情，第二句则直 奔主题给他提出几条关于在中国找工作的建议。第二段则具体罗列建议，例如准备一份实用 的简历，写简历时要注意简洁明了。同时为了给面试官一个良好第一印象，建议他要展现出 一个良好的个人形象。最后可让他也了解到中国的企业很喜欢有工作实践经历的员工。最后 第三段表示希望自己的建议能够对他有帮助，同时祝福他能有个好运气，未来事业上能有成 功的表现。当然还可以写欢迎他来中国的欢迎语并表示你对他来中国的期待。
因为小作文不需要太讲究辞藻，字数也不宜过多，只要能将提纲要点表达清楚和完整， 不出现语言、格式和语域的错误，就是一篇合格的小作文了。把更多的精力花在大作文上才是明智的策略。下面附加小作文的范文以供同学们参考。参考范文：Dear John,
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How are you getting along these days? I am very glad to hear that you are coming to China,and I would like to offer you several proposals on how to find a job in China.
First and foremost, it is imperative for you to prepare a functional resume in Chinese. Itwould be beneficial if your resume could be specific and brief. Remember that “brevity is the bestpolicy.” For the sake of making a wonderful first impression, may I suggest you showyour good personal stature. What’s more, it is helpful for you to know that Chinese companiesprefer employees with some hands-on experience.
I hope that you will find my suggestions helpful. I wish you have good luck and make a greatsuccess in your future career.
Yours,
Part B52.Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)explain its intended meaning and3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（20 points）
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真题解析：
今年的英语一大作文依然延续 2020 年的出题思路，考查了品质类话题的图画作文，而不同的地方在于 2020 年是两幅图呈现对比，但今年是一幅图，图中的重点是两人间的对话所突出的涵义。从难度上来说，今年比去年也就稍稍难了一点，难在主题词的英语表述，因 为去年一个“habit 习惯”就能搞定，但今年的主题表达稍有点抽象，但这类主题也有好处，那就是大家发挥的余地很多，比如写“坚持自我”、“坚持自己的兴趣爱好”、“敢于做自己”都 可以。
写作时，按照一般顺序。第一段图画描述段，可以这样描述：从漫画中出现的是一个引人注目的场景，一个沮丧的男孩，穿着一套歌剧服装，正在抱怨他的同学不喜欢他的表演， 因为他们认为它太无聊了。然而，他的父亲鼓励他的儿子坚持自己的兴趣。这幅漫画的作者让我们关注一个真理，我们不应该盲目追随或服从别人的意见，而是要坚持自己。第二段是寓意阐释段，重点围绕人为什要坚持做自己，活着坚持自己的选择和兴趣来讨论 2 到 3 点原因；第三段是个人评论段，可以个人评论+建议+呼吁，比如可以这么写：当涉及到坚持做
你自己的时候，可能会有来自外部世界的很多压力，因为它试图影响你是谁。但是请记住， 不管别人在做什么，你都能做正确的事情。做你自己，永远不要为此道歉!
另外，请同学们注意大作文的评分侧重点。考研大纲指出：B 节作文的评分侧重点在于信息点的完整、内容组织的连贯、语言的准确性、语言的多样性。字迹工整，少涂抹痕迹也很关键哦。
下面附加范文以供同学们参考。参考范文：
Emerging from the cartoon is an eye-catching scene that a frustrated boy, wearing a suit ofopera costume, is complaining that his classmates do not like his show because they think it is tooboring. His father, however, is encouraging his son to stick to his interests. The author of thecartoon invites us to focus on a truth that we are not supposed to blindly follow or obey others’opinions but stick with yourself.
This picture underscores the significant role that the being yourself plays in our daily life. Inreality, sticking with yourself not only constantly facilities the healthy growth of our mindset,making it more likely for us to become winners in in a particular field. If you are yourself at work,
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you will either thrive or wither, and if you wither chances are that you are in the wrong place to begin with. Thus, as long as you carry on doing what feels right, it will all turn out right.
When it comes to being yourself, there can be a lot of pressure from the outside world as ittries to influence who you are. But please remember that you can do the right thing regardless ofwhat others are doing. Be who you are, and never ever apologize for that!
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