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1
Bad News for the Highly Intelligent
There are advantages to being smart. People who do well on IQ tests tend to be more successful in the classroom and the workplace. They also tend to live longer, healthier lives, and are less likely to experience negative life events.
1 In a study, Ruth Karpinski and her colleagues carried out a study on the members of Mensa, a high IQ society. The study covered mood (情绪) disorders and anxiety disorders. Respondents were asked to report whether they had ever suffered from each disorder. The researchers compared the percentage of those who reported disorder to the national average and found that Mensa’s highly intelligent members were more likely to suffer from a range of serious disorders. To explain their findings, Karpinski and his team bring up the hyper brain and hyper body theory. This theory holds that, for all of its advantages, being highly intelligent is associated with psychological and physiological “overexcitabilities”, or OE. 2 This can include anything from an astonishing sound to conflict with another person. According to the theory, OEs are more common in highly intelligent people. A highly intelligent person may overanalyze a disapproving comment made by a boss, imagining negative outcomes that simply wouldn’t occur to someone less intelligent. 3
The results of this study must be interpreted cautiously. Showing that a disorder is more common in a sample of people with high IQs than in the general population doesn’t prove that high intelligence is the cause of the disorder. 4 All the same, the findings set the stage for research that promises to cast new light on the link between intelligence and health. One possibility is that associations between intelligence and health outcomes reflect pleiotropy (基因多效性), which occurs when a gene (基因) influences seemingly unrelated characteristics. 5__In a 2015 study, Rosalind Arden and her colleagues concluded that the association between IQ and living longer is mostly explained by genetic factors. From a practical standpoint, this research may lead to insights about how to improve people’s psychological and physical well-being. A. Now there’s some bad news for those smart people.
B. There is already some evidence to suggest that this is the case. C. It is an unusually strong reaction to an environmental threat or abuse.
D. Scientists did many researches to understand the reasons behind the advantages.
E. That may cause the body’s stress response, which may make the person even more anxious. F. It’s also possible that people who join Mensa differ from other people in ways other than just IQ. G. They found that the differences between the respondents were seen for mood and anxiety disorders.
答案 A C E F B
2.
It is sometimes thought that the longing for material goods, the need to buy things, is a relatively modern invention. 1 Trade or shopping is certainly an ancient desire, and existed before our ancestors invented writing, laws, cities or farming, even before they used metal to make tools.
Humans are born to trade. 2 Evidence from hunter-gatherers suggests that the exchange of food and other necessary things comes naturally, as well as the ability to keep a record of the credits involved. And once trade begins, the benefits are hard to resist.
Ancient local coastal people in northern Australia traded fish hooks, along a chain of trading partners, with people living 400 miles inland, who cut and polished local stone to make axes（斧子）. 3 Finally, both groups of“producers”,by concentrating on things theycould produceand exchanging them for other things they needed, benefited as a result.
Trade in the necessities of life, such as food and simple tools, is not really surprising, considering the link between these basic items and survival. What is surprising, though, is that our taste forunnecessary expensive objectsalso goes back a long way.
In South Africa, 100,000-year-old decorative dyes（染料） have been found in an area where none were produced. 4 Small round pieces of glass76,000 years old were also found at the same place. The earliest jewellery known to us were not just random findings—they were grouped together in size and had holes like those used for threading onto a necklace.
Archaeologists argue that trade prepared the way for the complex societies in which we live today. 5__ However, their modern equivalents—fast cars and expensive clothes—hold the same attraction for us as “trade goods” did for people 100,000 years ago. A. And we don’t need shops or money to do it. B. These are powerful evidence for cash purchase. C. In fact, its roots go back to the beginning of humanity. D. However, first trade began from the exchange of objects.
E. Modern-day shoppers may not be impressed by ancient glass pieces. F. It is thought that these goods were bought at least 30 kilometres away.
G. Every individual along the chain made a profit,even if he produced neither himself. 答案：C A G F E
3
Sleep and Teens--Biology and Behavior
How much sleep do teens need? And how much sleep are they realistically getting? Based on current data, most teens need about 9-plus hours to have the best or most suitable sleep night. 1 Many factors combine to decrease sleep in adolescents. We can think in general of two major factors: biological, the brain processes that regulate the amount and timing of sleep, and behavior, all the psychological, parental, societal, cultural features of teen’s life.
__2 These changes lay the ground work for the biological night to occur later during the teen years than before. Circadian Rhythms (daily biological clock) seems to slow down as young
people progress through the middle school years. At the same time, the sleep pressure system appears to change in a way that makes it easier to stay awake longer, though without changing the amount of sleep that is needed.
Moreover, many teens have a \"technological playground\" in their bedrooms: television, computer with 24/7 Internet access, telephones, electronic game stations, MP3 players, and so forth. These technologies provide instant and constant contact with peers. Societal and media pressure to consume these technologies is now higher than ever. Yet society also requires that teens go to school at a time of day that is at odds with their biological and social lives. So we see teens turn to caffeine, late-night Internet and cramming in activity after activity as a means to keep awake. _____3 .
Problems emerge for lack of sleep. 4 For some, grades begin to suffer as they struggle to keep awake during class and while doing homework. And others may simply feel moody, never knowing how to feel or do their best. Worse still, many teens suffer from both physical and mental illness.
___5 The earlier teens can start this good sleep habit, the easier it will be for them to stay healthy, happy and smart.
A. Sleep experts recommend teens keep consistent sleep and wake schedule B. Teens may schedule sleep like any other daily activity and make sleep a priority C. Then they are trapped into a terrible situation where they would never get enough sleep D. The sleep-wake bio-regulatory factors appear to change significantly during adolescence E. Some teenagers struggle to wake up in the morning, often resulting in late or missed school F. Teens may be driven to things that can wake them up because they'll fall asleep if they do not G. However, it is indicated that most teens fall short of this goal, many by a considerable amount. 答案：. G D C E A
4
A Wonder Plant
Every rainy season, the mountain gorillas (大猩猩) of Central Africa migrate to the foothills and lower parts of the Virunga Mountains to feed on bamboo. For the 650 or so that remain in the wild, it’s a vital food source. 1 Gorillas aren’t the only locals keen on bamboo. For the people near the mountains, it’s a valuable raw material used for building houses and making
household items. But in the past 100 years, resources have come under increasing pressure as populations have exploded and large areas of bamboo forest have been cleared to make way for farms.
2 All over the world, the ranges of many bamboo species appear to be reducing, endangering the people and animals that depend upon them. A report published by the UN Environment Programme has revealed just how profound our ignorance of global bamboo resources is.
Bamboo is a wonder plant. Its ecological role extends beyond providing food and habitat for animals. Bamboo tends to grow in stands made up of groups of individual plants that grow from root systems. Its extensive root systems are crucial in preventing water loss and soil erosion. 3 In India 25% of paper produced is made from bamboo fiber, and in Brazil, 100,000 hectares of bamboo are grown for its production. Because of its flexibility and strength, it has traditionally been used in construction. Bamboo is often the only readily available raw material for people in many developing countries.
4 Ray Townsend, vice president of the British Bamboo Society, says, “Some plants are threatened because they can’t survive in the habitat—they aren’t strong enough or there aren’t enough of them, perhaps. But bamboo can take care of itself-it is strong enough to survive if left alone. 5 ” When forest goes, it is transformed into something else: there isn’t anywhere for forest plants such as bamboo to grow if you create a cattle grass land.
A. Sadly, this isn’t a single story.
B. It is the physical disturbance that is the threat to bamboo. C. Until now, bamboo has been viewed as a second-class plant. D. Without it, their chances of survival would be reduced significantly. E. Besides, bamboo’s most immediate significance lies in its economic value. F. More than a billion people rely on bamboo for either their shelter or income.
G. Despite bamboo’s value in economy and ecology, its situation is all the more worrying. 答案： DAEGB
5
Rich and Famous
Twenty years ago the most common ambition of American children was to be a teacher, followed by working in banking and finance, and then medicine. But today’s situation is quite different. ___1___ Instead they most commonly say they want to be a sports star, a pop star, or an actor—in other words, they hope to become a celebrity (名人).
According to experts, young people desire these jobs largely because of the wealth and the fame. ___2___ Let’s take athletes and singers as an example. Their careers are short-lived. Many athletes’ best time only lasts a few years and singers can have a very limited career. The field that was once the focus of their lives becomes something they have little or no involvement in. As a result, they’ll have a feeling of worthlessness and a lack of control. ___3___ The truth is quite simple: they have been so far removed from it for so long.
In spite of these disadvantages, there is greater ambition than ever among young people to achieve that status. They are not satisfied just making a living—they want to be rich and famous. Globally, more and more TV shows provide talent competitions where winners can achieve their goals in just a few weeks or months. ___4___ They unrealistically believe that this lifestyle is easily obtained and leads to great satisfaction.
While many people argue that there is nothing wrong with having such ambitions, others feel that this trend will finally lead to dissatisfaction as more and more people are unable to reach their goals. ___5___ That means they ignore the simple fact that great effort is needed before success. As a result, many people won’t realize their childhood dreams, which could have a negative effect on their happiness.
A. The younger generation don’t favor these professions any more. B. In many ways this has been brought about by the celebrity culture. C. Unfortunately, they do not always have a positive effect on people’s life. D. Besides, it can be difficult for them to adapt back to a normal everyday life. E. People no longer have a sense of satisfaction once their goals have been achieved. F. This quick way of gaining wealth and fame creates a celebrity culture among people. G. The reason is that they don’t realize it takes talent and hard work to be rich and famous.
答案： ACDFG
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