8.6ELECTRODEPOTENTIALS
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC
Standardpotentialsaretabulatedexceptwhenasolutioncompositionisstated;thelatterareformalpotentialsandtheconcentrationsareinmol/liter.
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Actinium
Ac3ϩϩ3eϪϭAc
Aluminum
Al3ϩϩ3eϪϭAl
ϪϪϪAlF36ϩ3eϭAlϩ6F
ϪϪAl(OH)Ϫ4ϩ3eϭAlϩ4OHAmericium
ϩϩϪ4ϩAmO2ϩ2H2O2ϩ4Hϩ2eϭAm
ϩϪϩAmO2ϩeϭAmO22ϩϪAmOϩϩ4HϩeϭAm4ϩϩ2H2O2ϩϪ3ϩAmOϩϩ2H2O2ϩ4Hϩ2eϭAm4ϩϪ3ϩAmϩeϭAmAm4ϩϩ4eϪϭAmAm3ϩϩ3eϪϭAmAntimony
ϪϪϪSb(OH)Ϫ4ϩ2eϭSbO2ϩ2OHϩ2H2O
ϪϪSbO2ϩ2H2Oϩ3eϭSbϩ4OHϪSbϩ3H2Oϩ3eϪϭSbH3ϩ3OHϪSb2O5ϩ6Hϩϩ4eϪϭ2SbOϩϩ3H2OSb2O5ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭSb2O3ϩ2H2OSb2O5ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭSb2O4ϩH2OSb2O4ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭSb2O3ϩH2SbOϩϩ2Hϩϩ3eϪϭSbϩH2OSbϩ3Hϩϩ3eϪϭSbH3Arsenic
H3AsO4ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHAsO2ϩ2H2OHAsO2ϩ3Hϩϩ3eϪϭAsϩ2H2OAsϩ3Hϩϩ3eϪϭAsH3ϪϩϪϪϪAsO34ϩ2Hϩ2eϭAsO2ϩ4OH
ϪϪϪAsO2ϩ2H2Oϩ3eϭAsϩ4OHAsϩ3H2Oϩ3eϪϭAsH3ϩ3OHϪAstatine
HAtO3ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭHAtOϩ2H22HAtOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭAt2ϩ2H2OAt2ϩ2eϪϭ2AtϪBarium
BaO2ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭBa2ϩϩ2H2OBa2ϩϩ2eϪϭBa
Solutioncomposition
Ϫ2.13Ϫ1.676Ϫ2.07Ϫ2.3101.201.590.821.722.62Ϫ0.90Ϫ2.07Ϫ0.4650.639Ϫ1.3380.6050.6991.0550.3420.204Ϫ0.5100.5600.240Ϫ0.225Ϫ0.67Ϫ0.68Ϫ1.37ca.1.4ca.0.70.202.365Ϫ2.92
1NaOH1NaOH1NaOH
Source:A.J.Bard,R.Parsons,andJ.Jordan(eds.),StandardPotentialsinAqueousSolution(preparedundertheauspicesoftheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry),MarcelDekker,NewYork,1985;G.Charlotetal.,SelectedConstants:Oxidation-ReductionPotentialsofInorganicSubstancesinAqueousSolution,Butterworths,London,1971.
ELECTROLYTES,EMF,ANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM8.125
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Berkelium
Bk4ϩϩ4eϪϭBkBk4ϩϩeϪϭBk3ϩBk3ϩϩ3eϪϭBkBeryllium
Be2ϩϩ2eϪϭBe
Bismuth
Bi2O4(bismuthate)ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2BiOϩϩ2H2OBi3ϩϩ3eϪϭBi
Biϩ3Hϩϩ3eϪϭBiH3ϪϪBiClϪ4ϩ3eϭBiϩ4Cl
ϪϪBiBr4ϩ3eϭBiϩ4BrϪBiOClϩ2Hϩϩ3eϪϭBiϩH2OϩClϪBoron
B(OH)3ϩ3Hϩϩ3eϪϭBϩ3H2O
ϪϪϪBOϪ2ϩ6H2Oϩ8eϭBH3ϩ8OH
ϪϪϪB(OH)4ϩ3eϭBϩ4OH
Bromine
ϩϪϪBrOϪ4ϩ2Hϩ2eϭBrO3ϩH2O
ϩϪϪBrOϪ3ϩ6Hϩ6eϭBrϩ3H2O
ϪϩϪBrO3ϩ5Hϩ4eϭHBrOϩ2H2O
ϩϪ2BrOϪ3ϩ12Hϩ10eϭBr2ϩ6H2O
ϩϪ2HBrOϩ2Hϩ2eϭBr2ϩ2H2OHBrOϩHϩϩ2eϪϭBrϪϩH2OBrOϪϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭBrϪϩ2OHϪϪϪBrϪ3ϩ2eϭ3BrBr2(aq)ϩ2eϪϭ2BrϪCadmium
Cd2ϩϩ2eϪϭCd
Cd2ϩϩHgϩ2eϪϭCd(Hg)
ϪϪϪCdCl24ϩ2eϭCdϩ4Cl
ϪϪϪCd(CN)24ϩ2eϭCdϩ4CN
Ϫ2ϩCd(NH3)4ϩ2eϭCdϩ4NH3ϪϪϪCd(OH)24ϩ2eϭCdϩ4OHCalcium
CaO2ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭCa2ϩϩH2OCa2ϩϩ2eϪϭCa
Caϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭCaH2Californium
Cf3ϩϩ3eϪϭCfCf3ϩϩeϪϭCf2ϩCf2ϩϩ2eϪϭCf
Carbon
CO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭCOϩH2OCO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHCOOH2CO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2C2O4ϪϩϪϪC2O24ϩ2Hϩ2eϭ2HCOO
HCOOHϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHCHOϩH2O
Solutioncomposition
Ϫ1.051.67Ϫ2.01Ϫ1.991.590.317Ϫ0.970.1990.1680.170Ϫ0.890Ϫ1.241Ϫ1.8111.8531.4781.4441.51.6041.3410.761.0501.087Ϫ0.403Ϫ0.352Ϫ0.453Ϫ0.943Ϫ0.622Ϫ0.6702.224Ϫ2.840.776Ϫ1.93Ϫ1.6Ϫ2.1Ϫ0.106Ϫ0.20Ϫ0.4810.1450.034
1NaOH
8.126SECTION8
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential0.3730.3300.2323Ϫ0.971.701.611.441.28Ϫ2.34Ϫ2.923Ϫ1.781.2011.3921.3881.1751.1811.4681.451.1881.641.5841.6590.4210.8901.4151.3961.361.151.03Ϫ0.13Ϫ0.424Ϫ0.740.901.4161.920.0580.17Ϫ0.2Ϫ0.8Ϫ0.277Ϫ0.422Ϫ0.40
1HClO41HNO30.5H2SO41HCl
Half-reaction
C2N2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2HCN
HCNOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭCOϩH2OHCHOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭCH3OH
CNOϪϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭCNϪϩ2OHϪCerium
Ce(IV)ϩeϪϭCe(III)
Solutioncomposition
Ce3ϩϩ3eϪϭCeCesium
CsϩϩeϪϭCs
CsϩϩHgϩeϪϭCs(Hg)
Chlorine
ϩϪϪClOϪ4ϩ2Hϩ2eϭClO3ϩH2O
ϩϪ2ClOϪ4ϩ16Hϩ14eϭCl2ϩ8H2O
ϪϩϪClO4ϩ8Hϩ8eϭClϪϩ4H2O
ϩϪClOϪ3ϩ2HϩeϭClO2(g)ϩH2O
ϪϩClO3ϩ3Hϩ2eϪϭHClO2ϩH2O
ϩϪ2ClOϪ3ϩ12Hϩ10eϭCl2ϩ6H2O
ϪϩϪClO3ϩ6Hϩ6eϭClϪϩ3H2OClO2(g)ϩHϩϩeϪϭHClO2HClO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHClOϩH2OHClO2ϩ3Hϩϩ4eϪϭClϪϩ2H2O2HClO2ϩ6Hϩϩ6eϪϭCl2(g)ϩ4H2O2ClOϪϩ2H2Oϩ2eϪϭCl2(g)ϩ4OHϪClOϪϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭClϪϩ2OHϪϪϪClϪ3ϩ2eϭ3ClCl2(aq)ϩ2eϪϭ2ClϪChromium
ϪϩϪ3ϩCr2O2ϩ7H2O7ϩ14Hϩ6eϭ2Cr
ϪϪϪϪCrO24ϩ4H2Oϩ3eϭCr(OH)4ϩ4OH3ϩϪ2ϩCrϩeϭCrCr3ϩϩ3eϪϭCrCr2ϩϩ2eϪϭCr
1NaOH1NaOH
0.1H2SO41HClO41NaOH
Cobalt
CoO2ϩ4HϩϩeϪϭCo3ϩϩ2H2O
ϩϪ2ϩCo(H2O)36ϩeϭCo(H2O)63ϩϪ2ϩCo(NH3)6ϩeϭCo(NH3)6Co(OH)3ϩeϪϭCo(OH)2ϩOHϪϩϪ2ϩCo(en)33ϩeϭCo(en)3[enϭethylenediamine]
3ϪϪ2ϪCo(CN)6ϩeϭCo(CN)5ϩCNϪCo2ϩϩ2eϪϭCo
2ϩCo(NH3)6ϩ2eϪϭCoϩ6NH3[Co(CO)4]2ϩ2eϪϭ2Co(CO)Ϫ47NH30.1en
0.8KOH
ELECTROLYTES,EMF,ANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM8.127
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Copper
Cu2ϩϩ2eϪϭCuCu2ϩϩeϪϭCuϩCuϩϩeϪϭCu
Cu2ϩϩClϪϩeϪϭCuClCu2ϩϩ2BrϪϩeϪϭCuBrϪ2Cu2ϩϩIϪϩeϪϩCuI
Cu2ϩϩ2CNϪϩeϪϭCu(CN)Ϫ2ϩ2ϩCu(NH3)4ϩeϪϭCu(NH3)2ϩ2NH3ϩϪϩCu(en)22ϩeϭCu(en)ϩen
ϪϪCu(CN)2ϩeϭCuϩ2CNϪϪϪϪCuCl23ϩeϭCuϩ3Cl
ϪCu(NH3)ϩ2ϩeϭCuϩ2NH3Curium
Cm4ϩϩeϪϭCm3ϩCm3ϩϩ3eϪϭCmDysprosium
Dy3ϩϩ3eϪϭDyDy3ϩϩeϪϭDy2ϩDy2ϩϩ2eϪϭDyEinsteinium
Es3ϩϩ3eϪϭEsEs3ϩϩeϪϭEs2ϩEs2ϩϩ2eϪϭEsErbium
Er3ϩϩ3eϪϭErEuropium
Eu3ϩϩ3eϪϭEuEu3ϩϩeϪϭEu2ϩEu2ϩϩ2eϪϭEuFermium
Fm3ϩϩ3eϪϭFmFm3ϩϩeϪϭFm2ϩFm2ϩϩ2eϪϭFm
Fluorine
F2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2HFF2ϩHϩϩ2eϪϭHFϪ2F2ϩ2eϪϭ2FϪOF2ϩ3Hϩϩ4eϪϭHFϪ2ϩH2OFrancium
FrϩϩeϪϭFrGadolinium
Gd3ϩϩ3eϪϭGdGallium
Ga3ϩϩ3eϪϭGaGa3ϩϩeϪϭGa2ϩGa2ϩϩ2eϪϭGa
Solutioncomposition
0.3400.1590.5200.5590.520.861.120.10Ϫ0.35Ϫ0.440.178Ϫ0.1003.2Ϫ2.06Ϫ2.29Ϫ2.5Ϫ2.2Ϫ2.0Ϫ1.5Ϫ2.2Ϫ2.32Ϫ1.99Ϫ0.35Ϫ2.80Ϫ1.96Ϫ1.15Ϫ2.373.0532.9792.872.209ca.Ϫ2.9Ϫ2.28Ϫ0.529Ϫ0.65Ϫ0.45
1KBr1NH31HCl
1HClO48.128SECTION8
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Germanium
GeO2(tetr)ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭGeO(yellow)ϩH2OGeO2(tetr)ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭGe2ϩϩ2H2OGeO2(hex)ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭGe2ϩϩ2H2OH2GeO3ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭGeϩ3H2OGe4ϩϩ2eϪϭGe2ϩGe2ϩϩ2eϪϭGe
GeOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭGeϩH2OGeϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭGeH4Gold
Au3ϩϩ3eϪϭAuAu3ϩϩ2eϪϭAuϩAuϩϩeϪϭAu
ϪϪϪAuClϪ4ϩ2eϭAuCl2ϩ2Cl
ϪϪϪAuBr4ϩ2eϭAuBr2ϩ2BrϪϪϪϪAu(SCN)Ϫ4ϩ2eϭAu(SCN)2ϩ2SCN
ϪϪϪAuBr4ϩ3eϭAuϩ4Br
ϪϪAuClϪ4ϩ3eϭAuϩ4Cl
ϪϪAu(SCN)4ϩ3eϭAuϩ4SCNϪAu(OH)3ϩ3Hϩϩ3eϪϭAuϩ3H2O
ϪϪAuBrϪ2ϩeϭAuϩ2Br
ϪϪAuClϪ2ϩeϭAuϩ2Cl
ϪϪϪAuI2ϩeϭAuϩ2I
ϪϪAu(CN)Ϫ2ϩeϭAuϩ2CNAu(SCN)2ϩeϪϭAuϩ2SCNϪHafnium
Hf4ϩϩ4eϪϭHf
HfO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭHfϩ2H2OHolmium
Ho3ϩϩ3eϪϭHoHydrogen
2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH22Dϩϩ2eϪϭD22H2Oϩ2eϪϭH2ϩ2OHϪIndium
In3ϩϩ3eϪϭInIn3ϩϩ2eϪϭInϩInϩϩeϪϭIn
Iodine
H5IO6ϩHϩϩ2eϪϭIOϪ3ϩ3H2OϪϩϪIO3ϩ5Hϩ4eϭHIOϩ2H2OHIO3ϩ5Hϩϩ2ClϪϩ4eϪϭIClϪ2ϩ3H2O
ϪϩϪ2IO3ϩ12Hϩ10eϭI2(c)ϩ3H2O
ϪϪϪIOϪ3ϩ3H2Oϩ6eϭIϩ6OH
ϪϪϪϪ2IBr2ϩ2eϭI2Brϩ3Br
ϪϪ2IBrϪ2ϩ2eϭI2(c)ϩ4Br
ϪϪϪ2IBrϩ2eϭI2BrϩBr2IBrϩ2eϪϭI2ϩ2BrϪ2IClϩ2eϪϭI2(c)ϩ2ClϪSolutioncomposition
Ϫ0.255Ϫ0.210Ϫ0.1320.0120.00.247Ϫ0.255Ϫ0.291.521.361.830.9260.8020.6230.8541.0020.6621.450.9601.150.576Ϫ0.5960.69Ϫ1.70Ϫ1.57Ϫ2.230.00000.029Ϫ0.828Ϫ0.338Ϫ0.444Ϫ0.1261.6031.141.2141.1950.2570.8210.8740.9731.021.20
ELECTROLYTES,EMF,ANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM8.129
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
1.070.6950.6091.450.9850.5360.6210.53550.8050.8670.490.2230.9351.1560.8350.772.20.550.7710.700.670.440.3610.710.12Ϫ0.73Ϫ0.44Ϫ0.70Ϫ2.38Ϫ2.01.651.6901.460.280.3Ϫ0.126Ϫ0.54Ϫ0.465Ϫ0.356Ϫ0.344Ϫ0.268Ϫ0.280Ϫ0.365Ϫ1.507
Half-reaction
ϪϪ2IClϪ2ϩ2eϭI2(c)ϩ4Cl
ϩϪ2ICNϩ2Hϩ2eϭI2(c)ϩ2HCN2ICNϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭI2(aq)ϩ2HCN2HIOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭI2ϩ2H2OHIOϩHϩϩ2eϪϭIϪϩH2O
ϪϪIϪ3ϩ2eϭ3I
ϪI2(aq)ϩ2eϭ2IϪI2(c)ϩ2eϪϭ2IϪSolutioncomposition
Iridium
ϪϪ3ϪIrBr26ϩeϭIrBr6ϪϪ3ϪIrCl26ϩeϭIrCl62ϪϪ3ϪIrI6ϩeϭIrI6IrO2ϩ4HϩϩeϪϭIr3ϩϩ2H2OIrO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭIrϩ2H2OIr3ϩϩ3eϪϭIr
ϪϪϪIrCl26ϩ4eϭIrϩ6Cl
ϪϪϪIrCl36ϩ3eϭIrϩ6ClIron
ϪϩϪ3ϩFeO2ϩ4H2O4ϩ8Hϩ3eϭFe
ϪϪϪϪFeO2ϩ2HOϩ3eϭFeO422ϩ4OH3ϩϪ2ϩFeϩeϭFe
1H2SO410NaOH1HCl0.5H2SO40.3H3PO41HCl
0.1EDTA,pH4–61NaOH
ϪϪ4ϪFe(CN)36ϩeϭFe(CN)6Fe(EDTA)ϪϩeϪϭFe(EDTA)2ϪϪ2ϪFe(OH)Ϫ4ϩeϭFe(OH)4Fe2ϩϩ2eϪϭFe
Ϫ[Fe(CO)4]3ϩ6eϪϭ3Fe(CO)24Lanthanum
La3ϩϩ3eϪϭLaLawrencium
Lr3ϩϩ3eϪϭLr
Lead
Pb4ϩϩ2eϪϭPb2ϩϪϩϪPbO2(alpha)ϩSO24ϩ4Hϩ2eϭPbSO4ϩ2H2OPbO2ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭPb2ϩϩ2H2OPbO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭPbOϩH2O
ϪPbO2ϪϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭHPbOϪ2ϩ3OH2ϩϪPbϩ2eϭPb
ϪϪHPbOϪ2ϩH2Oϩ2eϭPbϩ3OH
ϪPbHPO4ϩ2eϪϭPbϩHPO24Ϫ2ϪPbSO4ϩ2eϭPbϩSO4PbF2ϩ2eϪϭPbϩ2FϪPbCl2ϩ2eϪϭPbϩ2ClϪPbBr2ϩ2eϪϭPbϩ2BrϪPbI2ϩ2eϪϭPbϩ2IϪPbϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭPbH22NaOH
8.130SECTION8
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Lithium
LiϩϩeϪϭLi
LiϩϩHgϩeϪϭLi(Hg)Lutetium
Lu3ϩϩ3eϪϭLu
Magnesium
Mg2ϩϩ2eϪϭMg
Mg(OH)2ϩ2eϪϭMgϩ2OHϪManganese
Ϫ2ϪMnOϪ4ϩeϭMnO4ϩϪMnOϪ4ϩ4Hϩ3eϭMnO2(beta)ϩ2H2O
ϪMnO4ϩ2H2Oϩ3eϪϭMnO2ϩ4OHϪϩϪ2ϩMnOϪϩ4H2O4ϩ8Hϩ5eϭMn
ϪϪ3ϪMnO2ϩeϭMnO44ϪϪMnO2ϩ2HOϩ2eϭMnO2ϩ4OHϪ42ϪϪϪMnO34ϩ2H2OϩeϭMnO2ϩ4OH
ϩϪ3ϩMnO2ϩ4HϩeϭMnϩ2H2O
MnO2(beta)ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭMn2ϩϩ2H2OMn3ϩϩeϪϭMn2ϩ2Ϫ3ϪMn(H2P2O7)3ϩ2HϩϩeϪϭMn(H2P2O7)2ϩH4P2O73ϪϪ4ϪMn(CN)6ϩeϭMn(CN)6Mn2ϩϩ2eϪϭMnMendelevium
Md3ϩϩ3eϪϭMdMd3ϩϩeϪϭMd2ϩMd2ϩϩ2eϪϭMd
Mercury
ϩ2Hg2ϩϩ2eϪϭHg222HgCl2ϩ2eϪϭHg2Cl2ϩ2ClϪHg2ϩϩ2eϪϭHg(lq)
HgO(c,red)ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHgϩH2O
ϩϪHg22ϩ2eϭ2Hg
Hg2F2ϩ2eϪϭ2Hgϩ2FϪHg2Cl2ϩ2eϪϭ2Hgϩ2ClϪHg2Br2ϩ2eϪϭ2Hgϩ2BrϪHg2I2ϩ2eϪϭ2Hgϩ2IϪϪHg2SO4ϩ2eϪϭ2HgϩSO24Molybdenum
ϪϪϪMoO24ϩ4H2Oϩ6eϭMoϩ8OH
ϩϪH2MoO4ϩ6Hϩ6eϭMoϩ4H2OH2MoO4ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭMoO2ϩ2H2OMoO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭMoϩ2H2OH2MoO4ϩ6Hϩϩ3eϪϭMo3ϩϩ4H2O
ϪϪ4ϪMo(CN)38ϩeϭMo(CN)83ϩϪMoϩ3eϭMoNeodynium
Nd3ϩϩ3eϪϭNdNd3ϩϩeϪϭNd2ϩNd2ϩϩ2eϪϭNd
Solutioncomposition
Ϫ3.040Ϫ2.00Ϫ2.30Ϫ2.356Ϫ2.6870.561.700.601.510.270.620.960.951.231.51.15Ϫ0.24Ϫ1.17Ϫ1.7Ϫ0.15Ϫ2.40.9110.630.85350.9260.79600.6560.26820.1392Ϫ0.04050.614Ϫ0.9130.1140.646Ϫ0.1520.4280.725Ϫ0.2Ϫ2.32Ϫ2.6Ϫ2.2
Ϫ0.4H2P2O271.5NaCN
ELECTROLYTES,EMF,ANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM8.131
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Neptunium
ϩϪ2ϩNpOϩ3ϩ2HϩeϭNpO2ϩH2O
ϩϪϩNpO22ϩeϭNpO2ϩϩϪ4ϩϩ2HONpO22ϩ4Hϩ2eϭNp24ϩϪ3ϩNpϩeϭNpNp4ϩϩ4eϪϭNpNp3ϩϩ3eϪϭNp
Nickel
ϪϩϪNiO24ϩ4Hϩ2eϭNiO2ϩ2H2ONiO2ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭNi2ϩϩ2H2O
NiO2ϩ2H2Oϩ2eϪϭNi(OH)2ϩ2OHϪϪϪ2ϪϪNi(CN)24ϩeϭNi(CN)3ϩCNNi2ϩϩ2eϪϭNi
Ni(OH)2ϩ2eϪϭNiϩ2OHϪ2ϩNi(NH3)6ϩ2eϪϭNiϩ6NH3Niobium
Nb2O5ϩ10Hϩϩ4eϪϭ2Nb3ϩϩ5H2ONb2O5ϩ10Hϩϩ10eϪϭ2Nbϩ5H2ONb3ϩϩ3eϪϭNb
Nitrogen
ϩϪ2NOϪ3ϩ4Hϩ2eϭN2O4ϩ2H2O
ϩϪNOϪ3ϩ3Hϩ2eϭHNO2ϩH2O
ϩN2O4ϩ2Hϩ2eϪϭ2HNO2HNO2ϩHϩϩeϪϭNOϩH2O
2HNO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭN2O(g)ϩ3H2O2HNO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭH2N2O2ϩ2H2O2NOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2N2O22NOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭN2OϩH2OH2N2O2ϩ6Hϩϩ4eϪϭ2HONHϩ3N2Oϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭN2ϩH2O
N2Oϩ6HϩϩH2Oϩ4eϪϭ2HONHϩ3N2ϩ2H2Oϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2HONHϩ3N2ϩ5Hϩϩ4eϪϭN2Hϩ5ϩϪϩHONHϩ3ϩ2Hϩ2eϭNH4ϩH2O
ϩϪϩ2HONHϩ3ϩHϩ2eϭN2H5ϩ2H2O
ϩϪϩN2Hϩ5ϩ3Hϩ2eϭ2NH4ϩϪ3N2ϩ2Hϩ2eϭ2HN3Nobelium
No3ϩϩ3eϪϭNoNo3ϩϩeϪϭNo2ϩNo2ϩϩ2eϪϭNo
Osmium
OsO4(aq)ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭOsO2·2H2Oϩ2H2OOsO4(c,yellow)ϩ8Hϩϩ8eϪϭOsϩ4H2OOsO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭOsϩ2H2O
ϪϪ3ϪOsCl26ϩeϭOsCl6ϪϪ3ϪOsBr26ϩeϭOsBr6Oxygen
O3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭO2ϩH2OO3ϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭO2ϩ2OHϪSolutioncomposition
2.041.340.950.18Ϫ1.30Ϫ1.791.81.5930.490Ϫ0.401Ϫ0.257Ϫ0.72Ϫ0.49Ϫ0.1Ϫ0.65Ϫ1.10.8030.941.070.9961.2970.860.711.590.4961.77Ϫ0.05Ϫ1.87Ϫ0.231.351.411.275Ϫ3.40Ϫ1.21.4Ϫ2.50.9640.850.6870.450.352.0751.240
1NaOH
8.132SECTION8
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential1.2290.695Ϫ0.0761.7630.8670.4012.0301.4700.990.480.9150.620.490.0Ϫ1.35Ϫ0.276Ϫ0.9330.380Ϫ0.499Ϫ0.365Ϫ0.502Ϫ0.100Ϫ0.006Ϫ0.0632.01.0450.7260.6130.3211.1880.7580.6981.021.041.010.800.50Ϫ1.25Ϫ2.001.10.730.37ca.Ϫ1.0
Half-reaction
O2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭ2H2OO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2O
ϪO2ϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭHOϪ2ϩOHH2O2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2H2O
ϪϪHOϪ2ϩH2Oϩ2eϭ3OHO2ϩ2H2Oϩ4eϪϭ4OHϪPalladium
PdO3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭPdO2ϩH2O
ϪϪ2ϪϪPdCl26ϩ2eϭPdCl4ϩ2Cl
ϪϪ2ϪϪPdBr26ϩ2eϭPdBr4ϩ2Br
ϪϪ2ϪϪPdI26ϩ2eϭPdI4ϩ2I2ϩϪPdϩ2eϭPd
ϪϪϪPdCl24ϩ2eϭPdϩ4Cl
2ϪϪPdBr4ϩ2eϭPdϩ4BrϪ2ϩPd(NH3)4ϩ2eϪϭPdϩ4NH32ϪPd(CN)4ϩ2eϪϭPdϩ4CNϪPhosphorus
H3PO4ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH3PO3ϩH2O2H3PO4ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH4P2O6ϩ2H2OH4P2O6ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2H3PO3H3PO3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHPH2O2ϩH2OHPH2O2ϩHϩϩeϪϭPϩ2H2OH3PO3ϩ3Hϩϩ3eϪϭPϩ3H2O2P(white)ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭP2H4P2H4ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2PH3P(white)ϩ3Hϩϩ3eϪϭPH3Platinum
PtO3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭPtO2ϩH2OPtO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭPtOϩH2O
ϪϪ2ϪϪPtCl26ϩ2eϭPtCl4ϩ2Cl
ϪϪ2ϪϪPtBr26ϩ2eϭPtBr4ϩ2Br2ϪϪ2ϪϪPtI6ϩ2eϭPtI4ϩ2IPt2ϩϩ2eϪϭPt
ϪϪϪPtCl24ϩ2eϭPtϩ4Cl
ϪϪϪPtBr24ϩ2eϭPtϩ4BrPlutonium
ϩϪϩPuO22ϩeϭPuO2ϩϩϪ4ϩPuO2ϩ2H2O2ϩ4Hϩ2eϭPu4ϩϪ3ϩPuϩeϭPuPu4ϩϩ4eϪϭPuPu3ϩϩ3eϪϭPu
Polonium
PoO2ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭPo2ϩϩ2H2OPo4ϩϩ4eϪϭPoPo2ϩϩ2eϪϭPo
Poϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2Po
Solutioncomposition
1NaOH
1HCl1NH31KCN
1KBr1KI
1H3PO41HF
ELECTROLYTES,EMF,ANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM8.133
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Potassium
KϩϩeϪϭK
KϩϩHgϩeϪϭK(Hg)PraseodymiumPr4ϩϩeϪϭPr3ϩPr3ϩϩeϪϭPrPromethium
Pm3ϩϩ3eϪϭPm
Protoactinium
PaOOH2ϩϩ3HϩϩeϪϭPa4ϩϩ2H2OPaOOH2ϩϩ3Hϩϩ5eϪϭPaϩ2H2OPa4ϩϩ4eϪϭPaRadium
Ra2ϩϩ2eϪϭRa
Rhenium
ϩϪReOϪ4ϩ2HϩeϭReO3ϩH2O
ϪϩReO4ϩ4Hϩ3eϪϭReO2ϩ2H2O
ϪϪReOϪ4ϩ2H2Oϩ3eϭReO2ϩ4OH
ϪϪϩϪ2ϪReO4ϩ6Clϩ8Hϩ3eϭReCl6ϩ4H2O
ϩϪ2ReOϪ4ϩ10Hϩ8eϭRe2O3ϩ5H2OReO3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭReO2ϩH2OReO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭReϩ2H2O
ϪϪϪReCl26ϩ4eϭReϩ6Cl
ϪϪReϩeϭRe
Rhodium
RhO2ϩ4HϩϩeϪϭRh3ϩϩ2H2ORh3ϩϩ3eϪϭRh
ϪϪϪRhCl36ϩ3eϭRhϩ6ClRubidium
RbϩϩeϪϭRb
RbϩϩHgϩeϪϭRb(Hg)
Ruthenium
RuO4ϩeϪϭRuOϪ4RuO4ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭRuO2ϩ2H2ORuO4ϩ8Hϩϩ8eϪϭRuϩ4H2O
Ϫ2ϪRuOϪ4ϩeϭRuO4ϪϩϪRuO24ϩ4Hϩ2eϭRuO2ϩ2H2O
ϩϪRuO2ϩ4Hϩ4eϭRuϩ2H2O
ϩϪ2ϩRu(H2O)36ϩeϭRu(H2O)63ϩϪ2ϩRu(NH3)6ϩeϭRu(NH3)6ϪϪ4ϪRu(CN)36ϩeϭRu(CN)63ϩϪ2ϩRuϩeϭRuSamarium
Sm3ϩϩ3eϪϭSmSm3ϩϩeϪϭSm2ϩSm2ϩϩ2eϪϭSmScandium
Sc3ϩϩ3eϪϭSc
Solutioncomposition
Ϫ2.924ca.Ϫ1.93.2Ϫ2.35Ϫ2.42Ϫ0.10Ϫ1.19Ϫ1.46Ϫ2.9160.7680.51Ϫ0.5940.12Ϫ0.8080.630.220.51Ϫ0.101.8810.760.5Ϫ2.924Ϫ1.810.891.41.040.5932.00.680.2490.100.860.249Ϫ2.30Ϫ1.55Ϫ2.67Ϫ2.03
8.134SECTION8
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Selenium
ϪϩϪSeO24ϩ4Hϩ2eϭH2SeO3ϩH2OH2SeO3ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭSeϩ3H2OSe(c)ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2Se(aq)SeϩHϩϩ2eϪϭHSeϪSeϩ2eϪϭSe2ϪSilicon
SiO2(quartz)ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭSiϩ2H2OSiO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭSiOϩH2OSiO2ϩ8Hϩϩ8eϪϭSiH4ϩ2H2O
ϪϪϪSiF26ϩ4eϭSiϩ6F
ϩϪSiOϩ2Hϩ2eϭSiϩH2OSiϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭSiH4(g)Silver
AgOϩϩ2HϩϩeϪϭAg2ϩϩH2OAg2O3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2AgOϩH2OAg2O3ϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭ2AgOϩ2OHϪAg2O3ϩ6Hϩϩ4eϪϭ2Agϩϩ3H2OAg2ϩϩeϪϭAgϩAgOϩ2HϩϩeϪϭAgϩϩH2OAgϩϩeϪϭAg
ϪAg2SO4ϩ2eϪϭ2AgϩSO24ϪϪAg2C2O4ϩ2eϭ2AgϩC2O24ϪAg2CrO4ϩ2eϪϭ2AgϩCrO24ϩϪAg(NH3)2ϩeϭAgϩ2NH3AgClϩeϪϭAgϩClϪAgBrϩeϪϭAgϩBrϪAgCNϩeϪϭAgϩCNϪAgIϩeϪϭAgϩIϪAg(CN)ϩeϪϭAgϩ2CNϪAgSCNϩeϪϭAgϩSCNϪAg2Sϩ2eϪϭ2AgϩS2ϪSodium
NaϩϩeϪϭNa
NaϩϩHgϩeϪϭNa(Hg)Strontium
SrO2ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭSr2ϩSr2ϩϩ2eϪϭSr
Sulfur
ϪϪ2ϪS2O28ϩ2eϭ2SO42ϪϩϪϪS2O8ϩ2Hϩ2eϭ2HSO4ϪϩϪ2Ϫ2SO24ϩ4Hϩ2eϭS2O6ϩ2H2O
ϪϩϪSO24ϩ4Hϩ2eϭSO2(aq)ϩH2O2Ϫ2ϪSO4ϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭSO3ϩ2OHϪ2ϪS2O6ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2H2SO32Ϫ2ϪS2O6ϩ2eϪϭ2SO3ϩϪ2Ϫ2HSOϪ3ϩ2Hϩ2eϭS2O4ϩ2H2O
2ϪϪ2Ϫ2SO3ϩ2H2Oϩ2eϭS2O4ϩ4OHϪϪ4H2SO3ϩ4Hϩϩ6eϪϭS4O26ϩ6H2O
Solution
composition
1.1510.74Ϫ0.115Ϫ0.227Ϫ0.670Ϫ0.909Ϫ0.967Ϫ0.516Ϫ1.37Ϫ0.808Ϫ0.1431.3601.5690.7391.6701.9801.7720.79910.6530.470.4470.3730.22230.071Ϫ0.017Ϫ0.152Ϫ0.310.09Ϫ0.71Ϫ2.713Ϫ1.842.33Ϫ2.891.962.08Ϫ0.250.158Ϫ0.9360.5690.0370.099Ϫ1.130.507
1NaOH
1NaOH
ELECTROLYTES,EMF,ANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM8.135
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential0.5770.400Ϫ0.576Ϫ0.590.0800.50.971.190.2870.1440.174Ϫ0.407Ϫ0.81Ϫ0.450.7380.7000.5690.4721.390.272ca.Ϫ0.50.9291.020.8970.5590.5890.827Ϫ0.4150.521Ϫ0.740Ϫ0.817Ϫ0.794Ϫ2.311.250.770.72Ϫ0.336Ϫ0.557Ϫ0.658Ϫ0.752Ϫ1.83
1HClO41HCl
Half-reaction
ϩϪ2Ϫ4HSOϪ3ϩ8Hϩ6eϭS4O6ϩ6H2O
ϩϪϪ2SO2(aq)ϩ2Hϩ4eϭS2O23ϩH2O
ϪϪ2ϪϪ2SO23ϩ3H2Oϩ4eϭS2O3ϩ6OH
ϪϪϪSO23ϩ3H2Oϩ4eϭSϩ6OH
2ϪϪ2ϪS4O6ϩ2eϭ2S2O3ϪϩϪS2O23ϩ6Hϩ4eϭ2Sϩ3H2O
ϪSF4(g)ϩ4eϭSϩ4FϪS2Cl2(g)ϩ2eϪϭ2Sϩ2ClϪSϩHϩϩ2eϪϭHSϪSϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2S(aq)Sϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2S(g)Sϩ2eϪϭS2ϪSolutioncomposition
1NaOH1NaOH
Tantalum
Ta2O5ϩ10Hϩϩ10eϪϭ2Taϩ5H2O
ϪϪϪTaF27ϩ5eϭTaϩ7FTechnetium
ϩϪTcOϪ4ϩ4Hϩ3eϭTcO2ϩ2H2O
ϪϩϪTcO4ϩ2HϩeϭTcO3ϩH2O
Ϫ2ϪTcOϪ4ϩeϭTcO4ϪϩϪTcO4ϩ8Hϩ7eϭTcϩ4H2O
ϪϩϪTcO24ϩ4Hϩ2eϭTcO2ϩ2H2O
ϩϪTcO2ϩ4Hϩ4eϭTcϩ2H2OTcϩeϪϭTcϪTellurium
H2TeO4ϩ6Hϩϩ2eϪϭTe4ϩϩ4H2OH2TeO4ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭTeO2(c)ϩ2H2O
ϪϩϪ2ϪTeO24ϩ2Hϩ2eϭTeO3ϩH2O
ϩϩϪTeOOHϩ3Hϩ4eϭTeϩ2H2OH2TeO3ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭTeϩ3H2O
ϪϩϪTeO23ϩ6Hϩ4eϭTeϩ3H2O
ϪϪϪTeO23ϩ3H2Oϩ4eϭTeϩ6OH
ϩϪTeO2(c)ϩ4Hϩ4eϭTeϩ2H2OTeϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2Te(aq)TeϩHϩϩ2eϪϭHTeϪTe2Ϫϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2HTeϪTerbium
Tb3ϩϩ3eϪϭTbThallium
Tl3ϩϩ2eϪϭTlϩTl3ϩϩ3eϪϭTlTlϩϩeϪϭTl
TlClϩeϪϭTlϩClϪTlBrϩeϪϭTlϩBrϪTlIϩeϪϭTlϩIϪThorium
Th4ϩϩ4eϪϭTh
8.136SECTION8
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Thullium
Tm3ϩϩ3eϪϭTm
Tin
Sn4ϩϩ2eϪϭSn2ϩϪϪ2ϪϪSnCl26ϩ2eϭSnCl4ϩ2Cl
ϪϩϪ2ϩSnO2ϩ3H2O3ϩ6Hϩ2eϭSn
2ϪϪϪSnF6ϩ4eϭSnϩ6FSn2ϩϩ2eϪϭSn
ϪϪϪSnCl24ϩ2eϭSnϩ4Cl
ϪϪHSnOϪ2ϩH2Oϩ2eϭSnϩ3OHSnϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭSnH4Titanium
TiO2ϩϩ2HϩϩeϪϭTi3ϩϩH2OTiO2ϩϩ2Hϩϩ4eϪϭTiϩH2OTi3ϩϩeϪϭTi2ϩTi3ϩϩ3eϪϭTiTi2ϩϩ2eϪϭTiTungsten
2WO3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭW2O5ϩH2OWO3ϩ6Hϩϩ6eϪϭWϩ3H2O
ϪϪϪWO24ϩ4H2Oϩ6eϭWϩ8OH
ϪϪϪWO24ϩ2H2Oϩ2eϭWO2ϩ4OH
ϩϪW2O5ϩ2Hϩ2eϭ2WO2ϩH2O
ϪϪ4ϪW(CN)38ϩeϭW(CN)8ϩϪWO2ϩ4Hϩ4eϭWϩ2H2OWO2ϩ2H2Oϩ4eϪϭWϩ4OHϪUranium
ϩϪϩUO22ϩeϭUO2ϩϩϪ4ϩUO2ϩ2H2O2ϩ4Hϩ2eϭUϩϩϪ4ϩUO2ϩ4HϩeϭUϩ2H2OU4ϩϩeϪϭU3ϩU4ϩϩ4eϪϭUU3ϩϩ3eϪϭUVanadium
ϩϪ2ϩVOϩϩH2O2ϩ2HϩeϭVOϩϩϪ3ϩVO2ϩ4Hϩ2eϭVϩ2H2O
ϩϪ2ϩVOϩϩ2H2O2ϩ4Hϩ3eϭVϩϩϪVO2ϩ4Hϩ5eϭVϩ4H2OVO2ϩϩ2HϩϩeϪϭV3ϩϩH2OV3ϩϩeϪϭV2ϩV2ϩϩ2eϪϭVXenon
H4XeO6ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭXeO3ϩ3H2O
ϪϪϪHXeO36ϩ2H2OϩeϭHXeO4ϩ4OHXeO3ϩ6Hϩϩ2FϪϩ4eϪϭXeF2ϩ3H2OXeO3ϩ6Hϩϩ6eϪϭXe(g)ϩ3H2OXeF2ϩeϪϭXeFϩFϪXeF2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭXe(g)ϩ2HFXeFϩeϪϭXe(g)ϩFϪSolutioncomposition
Ϫ2.320.1540.140.849Ϫ0.200Ϫ0.1375Ϫ0.19Ϫ0.91Ϫ1.07Ϫ0.10Ϫ0.86Ϫ0.37Ϫ1.21Ϫ1.63Ϫ0.029Ϫ0.090Ϫ1.074Ϫ1.259Ϫ0.0310.457Ϫ0.119Ϫ0.9820.160.270.38Ϫ0.52Ϫ1.38Ϫ1.661.0000.6680.361Ϫ0.2360.337Ϫ0.255Ϫ1.132.420.91.62.100.92.643.4
1HCl
ELECTROLYTES,EMF,ANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM8.137
TABLE8.27PotentialsoftheElementsandTheirCompoundsat25ЊC(Continued)
Standardorformalpotential
Half-reaction
Ytterbium
Yb3ϩϩeϪϭYb2ϩYb2ϩϩ2eϪϭYbYb3ϩϩ3eϪϭYbYttrium
Y3ϩϩ3eϪϭY
Zinc
Zn2ϩϩ2eϪϭZn
2ϩZn(NH3)4ϩ2eϪϭZnϩ4NH32ϪZn(CN)4ϩ2eϪϭZnϩ4CNϪϪϪ2ϪZn(tartrate)64ϩ2eϭZnϩ4(tartrate)
2ϪϪϪZn(OH)4ϩ2eϭZnϩ4OHZirconium
Zr4ϩϩ4eϪϭZr
ZrO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭZrϩ2H2O
Solutioncomposition
Ϫ1.05Ϫ2.8Ϫ2.22Ϫ2.37Ϫ0.7626Ϫ1.04Ϫ1.34Ϫ1.15Ϫ1.285Ϫ1.55Ϫ1.45
TABLE8.28PotentialsofSelectedHalf-Reactionsat25ЊC
Asummaryofoxidation-reductionhalf-reactionsarrangedinorderofdecreasingoxidationstrengthandusefulforselectingreagentsystems.
Half-reaction
F2(g)ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2HF
O3ϩH2Oϩ2eϪϭO2ϩ2OHϪO3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭO2ϩH2OAg2ϩϩeϪϭAgϩϪϪ2ϪS2O28ϩ2eϭ2SO4HN3ϩ3Hϩϩ2eϪϭNHϩ4ϩN2ϩϪH2O2ϩ2Hϩ2eϭ2H2OCe4ϩϩeϪϭCe3ϩϩϪMnOϪ4ϩ4Hϩ3eϭMnO2(c)ϩ2H2O2HClOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭCl2ϩH2O2HBrOϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭBr2ϩH2O
ϪH5IO6ϩHϩϩ2eϪϭIO3ϩ3H2O
ϩϪNiO2ϩ4Hϩ2eϭNi2ϩϩ2H2O
Bi2O4(bismuthate)ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2BiOϩϩ2H2O
ϩϪ2ϩMnOϪϩ4H2O4ϩ8Hϩ5eϭMn
ϪϩϪ2BrO3ϩ12Hϩ10eϭBr2ϩ6H2OPbO2ϩ4Hϩϩ2eϪϭPb2ϩϩ2H2O
ϪϩϪ3ϩCr2O2ϩ7H2O7ϩ14Hϩ6eϭ2Cr
ϪϪCl2ϩ2eϭ2Cl
2HNO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭN2Oϩ3H2O
ϩϪϩN2Hϩ5ϩ3Hϩ2eϭ2NH4ϩϪ2ϩMnO2ϩ4Hϩ2eϭMnϩ2H2OO2ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭ2H2O
ϩϪϪClOϪ4ϩ2Hϩ2eϭClO3ϩH2O
EЊ,volts3.053
1.2462.0751.9801.961.961.7631.721.701.6301.6041.6031.5931.591.511.4781.4681.361.35831.2971.2751.231.2291.201
8.138SECTION8
TABLE8.28PotentialsofSelectedHalf-Reactionsat25ЊC(Continued)
Half-reaction
ϩϪ2IOϪ3ϩ12Hϩ10eϭI2ϩ3H2O
ϩϪN2O4ϩ2Hϩ2eϭ2HNO3ϪϪ2IClϪ2ϩ2eϭ4ClϩI2ϪBr2(1q)ϩ2eϭ2BrϪN2O4ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭ2NOϩ2H2OHNO2ϩHϩϩeϪϭNOϩH2O
ϩϪNOϪ3ϩ4Hϩ3eϭNOϩ2H2O
ϩϪNOϪ3ϩ3Hϩ2eϭHNO2ϩH2O
2ϩϪϩ2Hgϩ2eϭHg22Cu2ϩϩIϪϩeϪϭCuI
OsO4(c)ϩ8Hϩϩ8eϪϭOsϩ4H2OAgϩϩeϪϭAg
ϩϪHg22ϩ2eϭ2HgFe3ϩϩeϪϭFe2ϩH2SeO3ϩ4Hϩϩ4eϪϭSeϩ3H2O
ϩHN3ϩ11Hϩϩ8eϪϭ2NH4O2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2O22ϪAg2SO4ϩ2eϪϭ2AgϩSO4Cu2ϩϩBrϪϩeϪϭCuBr(c)
ϪϪAu(SCN)Ϫ4ϩ3eϭAuϩ4SCN2HgCl2ϩ2eϪϭHg2Cl2(c)ϩ2ClϪSb2O5ϩ6Hϩϩ4eϪϭ2SbOϩϩ3H2OH3AsO4ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHAsO2ϩ2H2OTeOOHϩϩ3Hϩϩ4eϪϭTeϩ2H2OCu2ϩϩClϪϩeϪϭCuCl(c)
ϪϪIϪ3ϩ2eϭ3I
ϪϪI2ϩ2eϭ2ICuϩϩeϪϭCu
Ϫ4H2SO3ϩ4Hϩϩ6eϪϭS4O26ϩ6H2O
ϪAg2CrO4ϩ2eϪϭ2AgϩCrO24ϩϪ2Ϫ2H2SO3ϩ2Hϩ4eϭS2O3ϩ3H2O
ϩϪ4ϩUOϩϩ2H2O2ϩ4HϩeϭU
3ϪϪ4ϪFe(CN)6ϩeϭFe(CN)6Cu2ϩϩ2eϪϭCu
VO2ϩϩ2HϩϩeϪϭV3ϩϩH2OBiOϩϩ2Hϩϩ3eϪϭBiϩH2O
ϩϩϪ4ϩUO2ϩ2H2O2ϩ4Hϩ2eϭU
ϪHg2Cl2(c)ϩ2eϭ2Hgϩ2ClϪAgClϩeϪϭAgϩClϪSbOϩϩ2Hϩϩ3eϪϭSbϩH2O
ϪϪϪCuCl23ϩeϭCuϩ3Cl2ϪϩϪSO4ϩ4Hϩ2eϭH2SO3ϩH2OSn4ϩϩ2eϪϭSn2ϩSϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2S
Hg2Br2(c)ϩ2eϪϭ2Hgϩ2BrϪCuClϩeϪϭCuϩClϪTiO2ϩϩ2HϩϩeϪϭTi3ϩϩH2O
ϪϪ2ϪS4O26ϩ2eϭ2S2O3ϪAgBrϩeϭAgϩBrϪHCOOHϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHCHOϩH2OCuBrϩeϪϭCuϩBrϪ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2Hg2I2ϩ2eϪϭ2Hgϩ2IϪEЊ,volts1.1951.071.071.0651.0390.9960.9570.940.9110.8610.840.79910.79600.7710.7390.6950.6950.6540.6540.6360.630.6050.5600.5590.5590.5360.5360.530.5070.4490.4000.380.3610.3400.3370.320.270.26760.22230.2120.1780.1580.150.1440.13920.1210.1000.080.07110.0560.0330.0000Ϫ0.0405
ELECTROLYTES,EMF,ANDCHEMICALEQUILIBRIUM8.139
TABLE8.28PotentialsofSelectedHalf-Reactionsat25ЊC(Continued)
Half-reaction
Pb2ϩϩ2eϪϭPbSn2ϩϩ2eϪϭSnAgIϩeϪϭAgϩIϪN2ϩ5Hϩϩ4eϪϭN2Hϩ5V3ϩϩeϪϭV2ϩNi2ϩϩ2eϪϭNiCo2ϩϩ2eϪϭCo
ϪϪAg(CN)Ϫ2ϩeϭAgϩ2CN
Ϫ2ϪPbSO4ϩ2eϭPbϩSO4Cd2ϩϩ2eϪϭCdCr3ϩϩeϪϭCr2ϩFe2ϩϩ2eϪϭFe
H3PO3ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭHPH2O2ϩH2O2CO2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭH2C2O4U4ϩϩeϪϭU3ϩZn2ϩϩ2eϪϭZnMn2ϩϩ2eϪϭMnAl3ϩϩ3eϪϭAlMg2ϩϩ2eϪϭMgNaϩϩeϪϭNaKϩϩeϪϭKLiϩϩeϪϭLi
3N2ϩ2Hϩϩ2eϪϭ2HN3EЊ,voltsϪ0.125Ϫ0.136Ϫ0.1522Ϫ0.225Ϫ0.255Ϫ0.257Ϫ0.277Ϫ0.31Ϫ0.3505Ϫ0.4025Ϫ0.424Ϫ0.44Ϫ0.499Ϫ0.49Ϫ0.52Ϫ0.7626Ϫ1.18Ϫ1.67Ϫ2.356Ϫ2.714Ϫ2.925Ϫ3.045Ϫ3.10
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