附录A 外文文献
A shaft assembly, profile
The shaft axis in two different, even in its working process and relative position between the two shafts changing. According to the important components - shaft, can have the different universal classification. If the direction in reverse universal elastic, whether can be divided into the rigid universal shaft transmission and flexible joints. The former is the hinged on parts of the power transmission link, the latter by elastic parts, and has passed dynamic buffer reduced. Rigid gimbal and can be divided into different speed universal shaft type (such as cross gimbal) and patterned (such as double type gimbal, three pin shaft type gimbal) and patterned (such as ball cage gimbal, fork type gimbal). Patterned constant, and refers to the driven shaft rotation in driving shaft with the rotation Angle, whether of equal velocity, of course, driving shaft and driven shafts is equal to the speed of the average.
Lord, the driven shaft axis in two angular change when the Angle between the universal and equal still called patterned or DengJiao velocity universal. They mainly used to drive axles, breaking the wheel transmission device etc, and is mainly used in the power of the car. When the car for a rear wheel drive, often using the universal shaft, on the part of high-grade car, have adopted the isokinetic ball head, When the car for front wheel drive, often USES patterned constant - universal shaft, but also a kind of different appellation.
In front of a rear wheel drive motor (or all round the bus driver), due to the automobile suspension in athletic process, main reducer drive shaft transmission (or input shaft and FenDongXiang) output shaft is relative motion between often, in addition to avoid certain institutions or device (not) line, there must be a device to realize the dynamic transfer, then the normal appeared gimbal transmission. Universal must have the following characteristics: the transmission and ensure that the relative position of the two shafts in expected range changes, can
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reliably transfer power, B, ensure that connects the two shafts could even operation. Due to the universal and additional load Angle, the vibration and noise should be allowed in, C, high transmission efficiency, long service life, simple structure, easy fabrication, easy maintenance. For automobile, due to a cross gimbal output shaft relative to the input shaft (have) is not constant rotation Angle, therefore, must adopt double gimbal (or more), and the universal shaft driving connected with the two cardan arrangement in the same plane and make two equal to the Angle. It is very important. In the design to minimize the Angle.
Shaft assembly imbalance is the transmission of the bending vibration. The cause of the vibration noise is obvious. In addition, the universal joint cardan shaft kiln, axial clearance, the sliding spline shaft assembly precision, peeling ends when high-speed rotary shaft transmission and the elastic deformation of a hot spot balance affecting factors can change the imbalance of shaft assembly. Reducing the imbalance, shaft for cars, especially the high-speed car like (car) is extremely important, otherwise it will cause a lot of relevant fault or damage.
The universal shaft rigidity of vehicle drivetrain is in the most widely used, and the long history. Usually say the shaft is generally refers to the universal shaft rigidity type. The axial rigidity of universal is mainly used in the transmission Angle of CAM flange, generally, the shaft needle bearing assembly, cardan joint or sliding fork, fork or spline fork, needle bearing axial fixation. Ashdod, with the gearbox commonly margin fork shaft drive or other such links. Tu margin with a fork is the flange, generally USES the fork form part of the carbon steel or medium-carbon steel forging, also have adopted the ductile iron castings and sand carbon steel or medium-carbon steel high precision castings. Tu margin with a flat binary general, also have brought a flanged end flange of trapezoid tooth. The shaft needle bearing assembly includes four needle bearing, a cross axis, a grease. Roller bearings are generally consists of several needle roller bearings, a bowl, a blade rubber seal (more than with partial skeleton). In some needle bearing, and a belt round bearings, nylon, gasket also adopts copper or other materials, mainly for the decrease of universal shaft axial clearance, improve the quality of dynamic balance. A binary form cardan parts, generally
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USES medium-carbon steel or carbon steel forging parts, also have adopted the precision casting medium-carbon steel. Needle bearing axial fixation thing is generally holes (or axis) with elastic ring (internal and external), or bearing the cassette, bolt locking plate, etc.Another shaft is an important part of the spline is sliding, internal and external spline (rectangular), and the involute used to convey length change.The universal shaft and sliding swinging Angle of slip is biggest spline is decorated, according to the vehicle shaft and beat the check.Transmission of low carbon steel tube generally made of steel wire coiling of big norms, the tube, also have adopted the cold drawn seamless tube. The tube diameter and wall thickness (or diameter) is based on the maximum transmission torque, highest speed conditions of work. Hollow shaft tube has smaller quality and can deliver large torque, and the same diameter than the solid shaft possesses higher critical speed characteristics.
Normally, two gimbal centre distance is not more than 1.5 m. When the distance is close, generally by two universal and a sliding spline shaft, no vice. When the distance and make more than 1.5 m shaft length, often divided into two or three roots, using three or four joints, and finally a belt, the rest of the spline vice sliding bearing structure among belt.Typical middle by a supporting general cylindrical ball bearing, a housing, two seal, a rubber pad, a grease mouth. By supporting bracket among middle shaft connecting to the frame beams, transmission line and the middle axis required support among perpendicular to the plane. General layout in supporting shaft transmission system among the first-order critical speed nodes.In use process, generally need timely maintenance. In the joints, sliding bearing etc, among the spline is fat mouth place, want to periodically according to related regulations prescribed grease filling. Also have adopted in maintenance free universal shaft bearings and support in the reserve, need not regular grease filling grease.
Second, the universal description
Universal joint is a key component of the car transmission. In front of the rear wheel drive
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motor vehicle, universal shaft installed in transmission and the output shaft drive between input shaft gear reducer, And lead the front wheel drive motor vehicle omitted, universal shaft driving is responsible for installation in the front axle and be responsible for steering wheels and half shaft.
Automobile is a movement of objects. The bus driver, engine, clutch and transmission as a whole, and installed in the frame by elastic suspension frame and drive connections between a distance, the need for connection. The car runs in rough pavement produces change, load or two assembly location, will make the output shaft transmission with the reducer drive shaft Angle between input and the distance change, therefore, to use a \"in changing\" devices to solve this question, it is the universal.
In between, off-road vehicle transmission and the front drive thansfer can turn with half shaft drive between the universal, need to do \". The structure and function of a bit like human limbs, it is allowed to connect the Angle between the parts. But it and body joints and different forms of activities, it only allows the Angle of the change in a certain range.Universal shaft type is the universal, rigid patterned (double axle and three pin shaft type), patterned (ball fork and ball cage), cross gimbal sex. After the car at the most widely used a cross gimbal.Single gimbal cannot make the output shaft and the instantaneous velocity of axle shaft vibration, easy to cause the equal parts, aggravate the damage, produce a lot of noise. Therefore, after the car driver using universal form of transmission shaft double gimbal, is a universal at each end, its function is equal to the transmission Angle, both the output shaft and the instantaneous velocity of axle shaft always equal.
In order to satisfy the power transmission, steering and auto operation generated by beating down before the Angle, drive the car drive shaft and the wheel, and also used between universal connected. Due to the limit, the axial dimensions of landform and bigger, request to do, so common universal widely adopted various patterned. In general, the former drive car every half shaft with two patterned, near the speed of universal joint is a half drive axle shaft inside, near the
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universal shaft lateral velocity is half. In various patterned, common ball cage is universal, it with six steel ball force, driving shaft and driven shafts intersect in any of the circumstances, the ball is located on the intersection of two in two axis, namely the equally intersect, thus ensure the driven shaft, equal angles speed transmission.
附录B 外文文献翻译
传动轴简介
传动轴，在不同轴心的两轴间甚至在工作过程中相对位置不断变化的两轴间传递动力。传动轴按其重要部件——万向节的不同，可有不同的分类。如果按万向节在扭转的方向是否有明显的弹性可分为刚性万向节传动轴和挠性万向节传动轴。前者是靠零件的铰链式联接传递动力的，后者则靠弹性零件传递动力，并具有缓冲减振作用。刚性万向节又可分为不等速万向节（如十字轴式万向节）、准等速万向节（如双联式万向节、三销轴式万向节）和等速万向节（如球笼式万向节、球叉式万向节）。等速与不等速，是指从动轴在随着主动轴转动时，两者的转动角速率是否相等而言的，当然，主动轴和从动轴的平均转速是相等的。
主、从动轴的角速度在两轴之间的夹角变动时仍然相等的万向节，称为等速万向节或等角速万向节。它们主要用于转向驱动桥、断开式驱动桥等的车轮传动装置中，主要用于轿车中的动力传递。当轿车为后轮驱动时，常采用十字轴式万向节传动轴，对部分高档轿车，也有采用等速球头的；当轿车为前轮驱动时，则常采用等速万向节——等速万向节也是一种传动轴，只是称谓不同而已。
在发动机前置后轮驱动（或全轮驱动）的汽车上，由于汽车在运动过程中悬架变形，驱动轴主减速器输入轴与变速器（或分动箱）输出轴间经常有相对运动，此外，为有效避开某些机构或装置（无法实现直线传递），必须有一种装置来实现动力的正常传递，于是就出现了万向节传动。万向节传动必须具备以下特点：a 、保证所连接两轴的相对位置在预计范围内变动时，能可靠地传递动力；b 、保证所连接两轴能均匀运转。由于万向节夹角而产生的附加载荷、振动和噪声应在允许范围内；c 、传动效率要高，使用寿命长，结构简单，制造方便，维修容易。对汽车而言，由于一个十字轴万向节的输出轴相对于输入轴（有一定的夹角）是不等速旋转的，为此必须采用双万向节（或多万向节）传动，并把同传动轴相连的两个万向节叉布置在同一平面，
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且使两万向节的夹角相等。这一点是十分重要的。在设计时应尽量减小万向节的夹角。
传动轴总成不平衡是传动系弯曲振动的主要原因。其引起的振动噪声是明显的。此外，万向节十字轴的轴向窜动、传动轴滑动花键中的间隙、传动轴总成两端连接处的定心精度、高速回转时传动轴的弹性变形及传动轴上点焊平衡片时的热影响因素等都能改变传动轴总成的不平衡度。降低传动轴的不平衡度，对于汽车，尤其是高速汽车如（轿车）是极其重要的，否则会引起很多相关故障或异常损坏。
十字轴式刚性万向节传动轴在汽车传动系中用得最广泛，历史也最悠久。平时所说的传动轴一般指的就是十字轴式刚性万向节传动轴。十字轴式刚性万向节主要用于传递角度的变化，一般由突缘叉、十字轴带滚针轴承总成、万向节叉或滑动叉、中间连接叉或花键轴叉、滚针轴承的轴向固定件等组成。突缘叉一般与变速箱、驱动桥或别的传动轴等连接。突缘叉是一个带法兰的叉形零件，一般采用中碳钢或中碳合金钢的锻造件，也有采用球墨铸铁的砂型铸造件和中碳钢或中碳优质合金钢的精密铸造件。突缘叉一般带一个平法兰，也有带一个端面梯形齿法兰的。十字轴带滚针轴承总成一般包括四个滚针轴承、一个十字轴、一个滑脂嘴。滚针轴承一般由若干个滚针、一个轴承碗、一个多刃口橡胶油封（部分带骨架）组成。在某些滚针轴承中，还有一个带油槽的圆形垫片，有尼龙的，也有采用铜片或其他材料的，主要用于减小万向节轴向间隙，提高传动轴动平衡品质。万向节叉是一个叉形零件，一般采用中碳钢或中碳合金钢的锻造件，也有采用中碳钢的精密铸造件。滚针轴承的轴向固定件一般是孔（或轴）用弹性挡圈（内外卡式），或轴承压板、锁片、螺栓等。
传动轴的另外一个重要的组成部分是滑动花键副，由内、外花键（矩形、渐开线）组成，用于传递长度的变化。传动轴的万向节摆角和滑动花键副的最大伸缩量，是根据整车布置时进行的传动轴跳动校核而确定的。传动轴管一般由低碳钢板卷制的电焊钢管制成，对大规格的轴管，也有采用冷拔无缝管的。轴管的外径和壁厚（或内径）是根据传动轴所传递的最大工作扭矩、最高工作转速等条件确定的。空心的轴管具有较小的质量并能传递较大的扭矩，并且比相同外径的实心轴具有更高的临界转速的特点。
一般情况下，两万向节中心距不大于1.5m。当距离较近时，一般由两个万向节和一个滑动花键副组成，中间无轴管。当距离较远而使传动轴的长度超过1.5m时，常常分成两根或三根，采用三个或四个万向节，
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且最后一根带滑动花键副，其余的带中间支承的结构型式。
典型的中间支承一般由一个圆柱球轴承、一个轴承座、两个油封、一个橡胶垫、一个滑脂嘴组成。中间传动轴由中间支承支架连接到车架横梁上，要求中间传动轴轴心线与中间支承平面垂直。一般要求传动轴中间支承布置在传动轴系统的一阶临界转速节点上。在使用过程中，一般需要按时保养。在万向节、滑动花键副、中间支承等有滑脂嘴的地方，要按有关规定进行定期加注规定的润滑脂。也有采用免维护的传动轴，在万向节和中间支承的轴承内有预留的润滑脂，不需要定期加注润滑脂。
万向节是汽车传动轴上的关键部件。在前置发动机后轮驱动的车辆上，万向节传动轴安装在变速器输出轴与驱动桥主减速器输入轴之间；而前置发动机前轮驱动的车辆省略了传动轴，万向节安装在既负责驱动又负责转向的前桥半轴与车轮之间。
汽车是一个运动的物体。在后驱动汽车上，发动机、离合器与变速器作为一个整体安装在车架上，而驱动桥通过弹性悬挂与车架连接，两者之间有一个距离，需要进行连接。汽车运行中路面不平产生跳动，负荷变化或者两个总成安装位置差异，都会使得变速器输出轴与驱动桥主减速器输入轴之间的夹角和距离发生变化，因此要用一个“以变应变”的装置来解决这一个问题，因此就有了万向节。另外在越野车变速器与分动器之间，前驱动的可转向驱动桥与半轴之间，都需要这个万向节做“关节”。万向节的结构和作用有点象人体四肢上的关节，它允许被连接的零件之间的夹角变化。但它与肢体关节的活动形式又有所不同，它仅允许夹角在一定范围内变化。万向节有十字轴式刚性万向节，准等速万向节（双联轴式和三销轴式），等速万向节（球叉式和球笼式），扰性万向节。目前后驱动汽车上应用最广的一种是十字轴万向节。
单个的万向节不能使输出轴与轴入轴的瞬时角速度相等，容易造成振动，加剧机件的损坏，产生很大的噪音。因此，后驱动汽车的万向节传动形式都采用双万向节，就是传动轴两端各有一个万向节，其作用是使传动轴两端的夹角相等，保证输出轴与轴入轴的瞬时角速度始终相等。
为了满足动力传递、转向和汽车运行时所产生的上下跳动所造成的角度变化，前驱动汽车的驱动桥，半轴与轮轴之间也常用万向节相连。由于受轴向尺寸的限制，要求偏角又比较大，普通万向节难以胜任，所以广泛采用各式各样的等速万向节。在一般前驱动汽车上，每个半轴用两个等速万向节，靠近变速驱动桥的万
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向节是半轴内侧万向节，靠近车轴的是半轴外侧万向节。在各种等速万向节中，常见是球笼式万向节，它用六个钢球传力，主动轴与从动轴在任何交角的情况下，钢球都位于两园的交点上，即位于两轴交角的平分面上，从而保证主、从动轴等角速度传动。
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