2013年职称英语综合A类复习资料

2013年职称英语综合A类复习资料

Why So Many Children?

In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia , the population is growing fast . The reason for this is simple : Women in these countries have a high birth rate — from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman . The majority of these women are poor , without the food or resources to care for their families ? The answer may be that they often have no choice . There are several reasons for this .

One reason is economic . In a traditional agricultural economy , large families are helpful . Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age1. In an industrial economy, the situation is different. Many children , do not help a family; instead, they are an expense. Thus, industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. This was the case in Italy, which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. In the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World WarⅡ, Italy's economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. By the end of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1. 3 children per woman, the world's lowest.

However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. Saudi Arabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. Nevertheless, it also has a very high birth rate(7.0). Mexico and Indonesia, on the other hand, are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recently reduced their population growth.

Clearly, other factors are involved. The most important of these is the condition of women. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women.2 This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. There, the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.

Another key factor in the birth rate is birth control. Women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. In countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down. This is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil. In these countries, women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.

These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions.3 It can be effective if it aims to help women and meet their needs. Only then, in fact, does it have any real chance of success.

词汇：

industrialization / in’dʌstriəlai’zeiʃən/ n. 工业

possibility /pɔsə'biləti/ n. 可能性，可能发生的事物 effective /i'fektiv/ adj. 有效的，起作用的，实际的

注释：

1. In a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age. 传统的农业经济中，家庭成员数目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味着田里的劳动力多且有人给父母养老。 2. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women. 高的生育率往往与妇女缺乏教育与社会地位低下相关。

3. These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions. 这些趋势表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依赖于良好的经济状况。

练习：

1. In a traditional agricultural economy, a large family_______. A. can be an advantage B. may limit income C. isn’t necessary D. is expensive

2. When countries become industrialized, _______. A. families often become larger

B. the birth rate generally goes down

C. women usually decide not have a family D. the population generally grows rapidly

3. According to this passage, Italy today is an example of an _______. A. agricultural country with a high birth rate B. agricultural country with a low birth rate C. industrialized country with a low birth rate D. industrialized country with a high birth rate

4. Saudi Arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that _______. A. the most important factor influencing birth rate is the economy B. factors other than the economy influence birth rate

C. women who have a high income usually have few children D. the birth rate depends on per capita income

5. In Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia, the government _______. A. is not concerned about the status of women B. has tried to industrialize the country rapidly C. does not allow women to work outside the home D. has tried to improve the condition of women 答案与题解：

1. A 本题的问题是：在传统的农业经济中，大的家庭的影响是什么？从文中第二段第二句和第三句话可以得出明确的答案。“In a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age.”所以答案为A，是优势。

2. B 本题的问题是：当国家工业化后，人口和出生率的状况是什么？从第二段意大利的例子可以明确得出答案。“In the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World War Ⅱ, Italy's economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized.”由此可见出生率降低。

3. C 本题的问题是：本文举出意大利的例子要说明什么？从第二段意大利的前后对比的情况可以看出正确答案为C。 4. B 本题的问题是：文中提到沙特阿拉伯的例子说明了什么？由第三段开头可知“However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate.”下面将要介绍其他的因素，之后以沙特阿拉伯为例。故正确答案为B。经济以外影响出生率的因素。

5. D本题的问题是：墨西哥、泰国、印度尼西亚的政府采取了怎样的措施？从文中第四段后半部分“On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.”可以得出结论。另一方面从第四段开头也可以得出结论。“The most important of these is the condition of women.”之后举出这几个国家的例子，从而也可以得出结论。

Narrow Escape

We had left the hut too late that morning. When we stepped outside, the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour.1 It meant the day would be a hot one, and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice.

As soon as we stepped out on to the face, it became obvious this was going to be an awkward route. The main problem was talus, the debris that collects on mountainsides. Talus is despised by mountaineers for two reasons. First, because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above. And second, because it makes every step you take insecure.

For about 30 minutes we moved steadily up the face. The rock was in poor condition, shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks. When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it, it would pull out towards me, like a drawer opening. My hands became progressively wetter and colder2. Then came a shout. \"Cailloux! Cailloux!\" I heard yelled from above, in a female voice. The words echoed down towards us. I looked up to see where they had come from.

There were just two rocks at first, leaping and bounding down the face towards us, once cannoning off each other in mid-air. And then the air above suddenly seemed alive with falling rocks, humming through the air and filling it with noise. Crack, went each one as it leapt off the rock face, then hum-hum-hum as it moved through the air, then crack again. The pause between the cracks lengthened each time, as the rocks gained momentum and jumped further and further. I continued to gaze up at the rocks as they fell and skipped towards me. A boy who had been a few years above me at school had taught me never to look up during a rock fall. \"Why? Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet,\" he told us. \"Face in, always face in.\" I heard Toby, my partner on the mountain that day, shouting at me. I looked across. He was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock. I could not understand him. Then I felt a thump, and was tugged backwards and round, as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them. A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack.

I looked up again. A rock was heading down straight towards me. Instinctively, I leant backwards and arched my back out from the rock to try to protect my chest. What about my fingers, though, I thought: they'll be crushed flat if it hits them, and I'll never get down. Then I heard a crack directly in front of me, and a tug at my trousers, and a yell from Toby.\"Are you all right? That went straight through you.\"The rock had pitched in front of me, and passed through the hoop of my body, between my legs, missing me but snatching at my clothing as it went.

Toby and I had spent the evening talking through the events of the morning: what if the big final stone hadn't leapt sideways, what if I'd been knocked off, would you have held me, would I have pulled you off? A more experienced mountaineer would probably have thought nothing of it. I knew I would not forget it. 词汇：

livid ['livid] adj. 铅色的；青灰色的；非常生气的 awkward ['ɔ:kwəd] adj. 笨拙的；尴尬的；棘手的； grip/ɡrip / n. 紧握；支配 vt. 紧握；夹紧 注释：

1. When we stepped outside, the sky beyond the mountains to our east was already livid with colour. 我们走到外面，东面笼罩在山上的天空是青灰色的。

2. For about 30 minutes we moved steadily up the face. The rock was in poor condition, shattered horizontally and mazed with cracks. When I tried to haul myself up on a block of it, it would pull out towards me, like a drawer opening. My hands became progressively wetter and colder. 我们平稳前进了30分钟。岩石的状况很不好。当我们试图把自己拉上去，它就会滑向我们，像一个打开的抽屉。我的手巨剑出汗变得冰冷。

3. Then I felt a thump, and was tugged backwards and round, as though somebody had clamped a heavy hand on my shoulder and turned me to face them. A rock had hit the lid of my rucksack 然后我感到了一阵重击，紧紧向后拉扯，像是有人使劲儿地用手夹住我的肩膀然后把我转向面对他的方向。一块石头砸在了我背包的盖子上。 练习：

1. Why was it “too late” by the time they left the hut in the morning? A) It would be uncomfortable climbing in hot weather. B) The livid colour of the sky would hurt their eyes. C) Rocks loosened by melting ice could be dangerous. D) They wouldn't be able to walk on the melting ice.

2. The first reason given to explain why mountaineers hate talus is_______. A) that climbers above you might cause it to fall on you B) that it allows people climbing above you to push off C) that it makes people climbing above you feel insecure D) that it can cause other people to push you off the mountain 3. What is likely to be the meaning of \"Cailloux\"? A) Rocks are flying through the air. B) Rocks are falling.

C) There are loose rocks on the ground ahead. D) There are rocks everywhere.

4. What is sarcastic in the words of the boy in paragraph four? A) He didn't keep his ''face in\".

B) Not every climber wears a helmet.

C) It is very difficult not to look up during a rockfall. D) Being hit by a rock isn't \"pleasant\" at all. 5. In what sense was Toby \"safe\"?

A) The overhanging rock would protect him from falling rocks. B) He felt a hand on his shoulder.

C) His rucksack was protected. D) He had hidden under a canopy.

答案与题解：

1. C 本题的问题是：为什么说他们离开小屋的时间晚了？由第一段可以知道答案“It meant the day would be a hot one, and the warmth would loosen rocks that were gripped by ice. ”可知岩石的状况已经不是很好了，故此题的正确答案为 C。

2. A 本题的问题是：登山者讨厌斜坡的第一个原因是什么？由原文第二段可以直接得出答 案。“First, because it can easily be pushed off on to you by people climbing above. ” 3. B 本题的问题是：“Cailloux”这个词的意思是什么？由第三段后半部分与第四段开头可知 这个单词是石头滑落的意思。“it would pull towards me, like a drawer opening”“There were just two rocks at first, leaping and bounding down the face towards us, once cannoning off each other in mid-air.” 4. D 本题的问题是：在第四段男孩话语中讽刺的是什么？由第四段“‘Why? Because a rock in your face is far less pleasant than a rock on your helmet，’he told us. ‘Face in, always face in.’”可知正确答案为 D。

5. A 本题的问题是：Toby安全的标志是什么？由文中第五段“I looked across, he was safe beneath an overhanging canopy of rock. \"可以得出答案。

Helen and Martin

With a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and wa1ked back to her favourite armchair. (1) __her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much.

Over the years Helen had given (2) __waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.

Her feelings for him had gradually (3) __until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's. (4)__to see what had (5) __of her brother.

Almost without (6) __, Martin had lost, his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't (7) __ to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her (8) __ in her own judgment growing. (9) __the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway (l0) __ her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was (11) __a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live (12) __ from her paintings.

Of course, she (13) __no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune, but she couldn't (14) __ looking forward to her brother's arrival with (15)__ satisfaction at what she had achieved.

词汇:

Armchair /,ɑ:m'tʃεə, 'ɑ:m-/ n. 扶手椅 reputation /,repju'teiʃən / n.名声，名誉声望 curiosity /,kjuri'ɔsiti/ n. 好奇心，好奇 misfortune / mis'fɔ:tʃən / n. 不幸；灾祸，灾难 confidence / 'kɔnfidəns / n. 信心；言任 satisfaction /,sætis'fækʃən / n. 满意，满足 astonishment / ə'stɔniʃmənt / n. 惊讶;令人惊讶的事物

注释:

1. take an interest in ... : 对……产生兴趣

2. become of sb. / sth. ...: 发生……情况;遭遇… 3. to the astonishment of ... :令……惊讶的是……

练习:

1. A) Could B) Should C) Would D) Ought 2. A) in B) up C) out D) away

3. A) depressedB) weakenedC) lowered D) fainted 4. A) wonder B) idea C) curiosity D) regard 5. A) become B) developed C) arisen D) changed 6. A) caution B) warning C) advice D) signal

7. A) minded B) concerned C) worried D) bothered

8. A) dependence B) confidence C) certainty D) courage 9. A) Ignoring B) Omitting C) Avoiding D) Preventing 10. A) along B) down C) through D) across

11. A) gaining B) reaching C) starting D) opening 12. A) for B) by C) with D) drop 13. A) made B) took C) drew

14. A) help B) miss C) fail D) on 15. A) soft B) fine C) quiet D) still 答案与题解:

1. C 考查情态动词。根据句意\"哥哥将永远不再回来了吗?\"有\"应该\"\"应\"意思的 B ，D 选项 应该排除。只有 would 有将要的意思，符合句意。故选 C。

2. B 考查介词搭配。此句句意为\"这些年来，海伦已经放弃了等待马丁对她产生兴趣 \" give in 意为\"屈服，让步\" give up 意为\"放弃\"，符合句意 give out 意为 “分发，公布\"give away 意为\"泄露，出卖\"。故选B

3. B depress 偏重表达\"数量的减少或价值的降低 ”weaken 一般来说偏重\"情感\"方面的减弱、变谈；lower 偏重在\"数量或质量\"上的减少或降低;faint 偏重于\"视觉\"的变淡、模糊。此 句表达的是 Helen 对他的感情的慢慢变淡，故选 B

4. C 此句表达的是 Helen 非常急切地想知道她的哥哥到底发生了什么事的一种\"急切的好奇的\"感觉，故四个选项中只有 curiosity 最贴切，故选 C。

5. A become of sb. /sth. ... .是短语，意为\"发生某种情况;遭遇… \"。故选 A。 6. B 根据上下文可知，Martin 在没有任何征兆的情况下就失去了工作。caution 指\"警察的口头警告\" ，advice 意为\"劝告、忠告\" ，signal 意为\"信号、暗号\"，只有 warning 有\"征兆、前兆\"之意。故选 B。

7. D 此句句意为\"在某种程度上他俩不会因为彼此的联系或不联系而烦扰\"，其中 A 选项mind 意为\"介意\"B 选项 concern 意为\"担心、担忧\";C 选项 worry意为\"使担心、使焦虑\"， 只有 D 选项 bother 有\"烦扰\"之意。故选 D。

8. B 此句表达的是 Helen 对自己的判断的\"信心\"0 A 选项 dependence 意为\"依靠、依赖\"C选项 certainty 意为\"确定性、无疑\". D 选项 courage 意为\"勇气、胆量\"B 选项 confidence 可 与介词 in 搭配，意为\"对……有信心\"。故选 B。

9. A ignore\"不顾、不理、忽视\" ，omit\"省略、疏忽\" ，avoid\" 回避、避免\" ，prevent\" 防止、预防\"。此句表达的是\"不顾及、忽视父母的愿且\"。故选 A。

10. C 此句强调的是在学业过程中，故应用 through 一词;across强调横穿，故选 C。 11. A gain 意为\"获得、博得\" ，reach 意为\"达到\" ，start 意为\"开始\" ，open 意为

\"打开\此句表达获得声誉。故选 A。

12. D 考查介词搭配。……而且她的画作足以维持生活。Live for 意为\"盼望，为……而生活\"live by 意为\"以……为生\"live with 意为\"忍受，承认\";而 live on 意为\"靠……生活\"与句意相符。故选 D。

13. B 短语 take no pleasure in ... \"不以……为乐/感到高兴\"。故选 B。 14. A 短语 couldn't help doing sth. ... \"情不自禁做某事\"。故选 A。 15. C soft 意为\"柔软的\"，自ne 意为\"好的\"，quiet 意为\"暗中的、未表露的\" ，still 意为\"静止的、不动的\"。此句表达 Helen的那种未言语的欣慰之情，故选 C。