I. Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%)
1. The prehistorical Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______ language.
A. advanced B. developed
C. analytic D. inflected ( ) 2. The word “prediction” contains no ______.
A. free morpheme B. stem
C. bund morpheme D. root ( ) 3. The relationship between sound and meaning is ______ and conventional. A. logical B. arbitrary
C. objective D. consistent ( ) 4. The word “port” from “portus” is regarded as a ______. A. semantic-loan B. neologism
C. translation-loan D. denizen ( ) 5. Words created by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems are called ______.
A. acronyms B. blends
C. derivatives D. compounds ( ) 6. The word ______ is regarded as a deverbal noun.
A. popularity B. persistence
C. productivity D. priestess ( ) 7. The word “disunite” contains a ______ prefix.
A. reversative B. pejorative
C. negative D. locative ( ) 8. Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its ______. A. spelling B. sound
C. meaning D. function ( ) 9. Extension of meaning is also known as ______.
A. specialization B. elevation
C. generalization D. degradation ( ) 10. The words “husband” and “wife” are regarded as ______ terms. A. relative B. contradictory
C. contrary D. graded ( ) 11. The word “copperhead” was used to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding the South because of the ______ reason.
A. class B. historical
C. social D. psychological ( ) 12. The meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure where it occurs, which is called ______ context.
A. lexical B. grammatical
C. linguistic D. non-linguistic ( )
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13. The idiom “heart and soul” is ______ in nature.
A. adjectival B. verbal
C. adverbial D. nominal ( ) 14. The ambiguity of the sentence, “The ball is attractive,” is caused by ______. A. homonymy B. hyponymy
C. polysemy D. synonymy ( ) 15. The main body of a dictionary is its ______ of words. A. notes B. usage
C. spelling D. definitions ( ) II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book. (15%)
1. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and _________________. 2. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the _______________ element. 3. Some differences between sound and meaning were created by the ____________, who made a living by writing for other people.
4. All the words in a language make up its __________________.
5. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and have limited ___________________ and collocability.
6. Scottish and Irish belong to the Celtic family, but Danish and German belong to the ___________________ family.
7. According to the ________________ which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.
8. Lexical meaning itself embraces two components: __________________ meaning and associative meaning.
9. The most common types of word-meaning changes are __________________ and narrowing.
10. Of the three types of homonyms, __________________ constitute the largest number and are most common.
11. Transfer may also occur between abstract and ________________ meanings. 12. Idioms are generally felt to be __________________ and some are slang and colloquialisms.
13. Synonyms may differ in the ________________ and intensity of meaning.
14. So far as the language is concerned, a Chinese-English dictionary is regarded as a __________________ dictionary.
15. Compared with American dictionaries, British dictionaries, especially learner’s dictionaries, include more ____________ information.
III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%) 1. The Germanic tribes were thought to be the first peoples known to inhabit the
British Isles. ( ) 2. The chief function of prefixes is to change the meanings of stems. ( ) 3. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “internationalist”. ( ) 4. The French influence on English vocabulary was one of the significant points of the
Middle English period. ( )
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5. Inflectional morphemes which are confined to suffixes function as grammatical markers. ( ) 6. The words such as NATO, AIDS, BASIC and UFO are acronyms. ( ) 7. There are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the same stylistic meaning. ( ) 8. One of the features of the contradictory terms is that such antonyms are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive. ( ) 9. The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned different
meanings. ( ) 10. The ambiguity of the sentence “The duck is too hot to eat,” is caused by
inadequate grammatical context. ( ) 11. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both linguistic dictionaries
and encyclopedia. ( ) 12. Such words as “useless” and “bad-mouth” are regarded as morphologically
motivated words. ( ) 13. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is generally known as a specialized dictionary. ( ) 14. In the idiom “sooner or later”, juxtaposition is used. ( ) 15. Linguistic context may include the whole cultural background. ( ) IV. Answer the following questions. (20%)
1. What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning?
2. What are the four major causes of the difference between sound and form?
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3. What is transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?
4. What is the difference between denizens and aliens?
5. What are specialized dictionaries? What are their characteristics?
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V. Analyze and comment on the following. (20%) 1. Point out the formation of the following words.
sitcom medicare pub quake NATO VOA
2. Read the following sentence carefully. If you find anything inappropriate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence. Jackson is a very hard businessman.
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《英语词汇学》 模拟试卷（二）
参考答案
I.选择题
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. D
II. 填空题
1. affix 2. first 3. scribes 4. vocabulary 5. productivity 6. Germanic 7. positions 8. conceptual 9. extension 10. homophones 11. semantic 12. informal 13. concrete 14. bilingual 15. grammatical
III. 是非题
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. T 11. T 12. F 13. T 14. T 15. F
IV. 问答题
1. Conceptual meaning which is also known as denotative meaning is the
meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for
communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
2. The first reason is that there are more phonemes than letters in English.
Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.
3. Transfer or semantic transfer refers to a process of the change of
word-meaning whereby a word used to designate one thing has been changed to mean something else. The four main types of semantic transfer are:
associated transfer, transfer between abstract and concrete meanings, transfer between subjective and objective meanings, and transfer of sensations. 4. Denizens which are words borrowed early in the past are now well
assimilated into the English language and have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, but aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling and are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.
5. Specialized dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or
knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, but each contains much more detailed information on the subject then you can find in a general unabridged one.
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V. 论述题
1． 1) Sitcom and medicare are blends. Sitcom is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comedy”, and medicare is formed by combining the head of “medical” and the word “care”.
2) Pub and quake are clipped words. Pub is formed by clipping the tail of the phrase “public house”, and quake is formed by clipping the head of the word “earthquake”.
3) NATO and VOA are new words created through acronymy. NATO from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization” is an acronym, while VOA from “Voice of America” is an initialism.
2. 1) The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.
2) The word “hard” in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking” or “difficult”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means. But there would be no misunderstanding if the original sentence is extended as “Jack is a very hard businessman and he has made great achievements,” or “Jack is a very hard businessman to deal with.”
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