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动词的分类及用法详解

2020-11-05 来源:乌哈旅游
动词的分类及用法

第一节 动词的定义与分类 一、什么是动词

动词是表示人或事物的动作、存在、变化的词。动词是用来表示主语做什么(即行为动词),或表示主语是什么或怎么样(即状态动词)的词,例如: The boy runs fast.(这个男孩跑得快。)runs表示主语的行为

He is a boy.(他是个男孩。)is与后面的表语a boy表示主语的状态 二、动词的分类

动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类,即行为动词(也称实义动词)、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。 (一)行为动词

行为动词(实义动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整,可以单独作谓语。例如:

I live in Beijing with my mother.(我和我妈妈住在北京。)live,住 It has a round face.(它有一张圆脸。)has,有 (二)连系动词

连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词,它虽有词义,但不完整,所以不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语,例如:

We are in Grade Two this year.(今年我们在两年级。)are,是 are 这个词的词义“是”在句子中常常不译出。 连系动词可具体分为三类:

1、表示“是”的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式,is,am,are,was,were,have/has been等要特别予以注意。例如:

He is a teacher.(他是个教师。) He was a soldier two years ago.(两年前他是个士兵。)

We are Chinese.(我们是中国人。)

2、表示“感觉”的词,如look(看起来),feel(觉得,摸起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来)等,例如:

She looked tired.(她看一去很疲劳。) I feel ill.(我觉得不舒服。)

Cotton feels soft.(棉花摸起来很软。) The story sounds interesting.(这个故事听起来很有趣。)

The flowers smell sweet.(这些花闻起来很香。) The mixture tasted horrible.(这药水太难喝了。)

3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词,如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为“变”、“变得”,例如:

She became a college student.(她成了一名大学生。)

He feels sick. His face turns white.(他感到不舒服,他的脸色变苍白了。)

The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.(春天来了,天气变得暖和些了,白天也变得较长些了。) He grew old.(他老了。) [难点解释]

注意区别以下一些动词的用法,它们既可以作为行为动词,又可以作为连系动词。

1、look看;看起来 He is looking at the picture.(他正在看这图片。)行为动词 It looks beautiful.(它看上去很美丽。)连系动词 2、fell摸;感觉

I felt someone touch my arm.(我感到有人碰我的手臂。)行为动词

Are you felling better today than before(你今天比以前感到好些了吗)连系动词 3、smell嗅;闻起来

My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.(我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。)行为动词

Great! The flowers smell nice.(这些花闻起来多香啊!)连系动词 4、sound弄响,发音;听起来

The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.(在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。)行为动词The gun sounded much closer.(枪声听起来更近了。)连系动词 5、taste辨味;尝起来

Please taste the soup.(请尝一口汤。)行为动词

The soup tastes terrible.(这汤尝起来味道太差了。)连系动词 6、get得到,获得;变

There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one.(桌上有些香蕉,你们每个人可以拿一个。)行为动词 7、grow生长,种植;变

Do you grow rice in your country(你们的国家种水稻吗)行为动词

It’s too late. It’s growing dark.(太迟了,天渐渐变暗了。)连系动词 8、turn转动,翻动,使变得;变

The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)行为动词 When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out.(春天来了,树叶变经绿了,花儿开了。)连系动词

上述句子中的动词如grow、get、turn等,既可以作连系动词,又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢有一个最简便的方法,即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词,句子仍然成立就是连系动词;反之,不能替换的,就是行为动词。例如:

The trees turn/are green when spring comes.(春天来临,树叶变绿。) The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)

这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词,意为“转动”。无法以is替换。 (三)助动词

这类词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语,表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问,例如:

He does not speak English well.(他英语讲得不好。)

句中的does是助动词,既表示一般现在时,又与not一起构成否定形式。 A dog is running after a cat.(一条狗正在追逐一只猫。)

句中的is 是助动词,和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。

Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast (他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗) 句中的did是助动词,既表示一般过去时,又和动词have一起构成疑问。 (四)情态动词

这类词本身虽有意义,但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态,如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语,必须与行为动词(原形)一起作谓语,表示完整的意思,例如: I can dance.(我会跳舞。)can, 能, 会

He can’t walk because he is a baby.(因为他是个婴儿,不会走路。)can’t, 不必 May I come in(我可以进来吗)may, 可以 第二节 及物动词与不及物动词

行为动词(即实义动词)按其是否需要宾语,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。 一、及物动词

后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,例如:

Give me some ink, please.(请给我一些墨水。)

If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.(如果你们有问题,你们可以举手,。) 二、不及物动词

后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动词。例如:

He works hard.(他工作努力。)

Jack runs faster than Mike.(杰克跑步比迈克要快些。)

Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.(请看黑板,听我说。)

He got and “A” this time because he went over his lessons carefully.(这次他得了个“A”,因为他仔细地复习了功课。) [难点解释]

1、许多动词可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词,他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别,例如:Who is going to speak at the meeting(谁打算在会上发言)speak, 不及物动词

Few people outside China speak Chinese.(在中国外很少人讲汉语。)speak,及物动词

2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的,而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。例如:

He is waiting for you.(他在等你。) 英语wait为不及物动词,汉语“等”为及物动词。Serve the people.(为人民服务。) 英语serve为及物动词,汉语“服务”为不及物动词。

Exercise 1

指出下列各句中划线部分是什么动词,并说明词义,例如: All of us study hard.(vi. 学习)

1、He began to work at seven this morning.( ) 2、I have left the key at home.( )

3、We must take the old woman to the hospital at once.( ) 4、Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad news.( ) 5、Think it over, and you will have a good idea.( ) 6、Don’t think of yourself;think of others.( )

7、We are college students now, but we were at the factory two years ago.( ) 8、Mr. Black got angry when he saw Jenny come to school late again.( ) 9、Please wash your hands before each meal.( )

10、Li Ming often works for the wall-newspaper after school.( ) Exercise 2

区别下列多组句子中的动作,指出下列划线动词是连系动词还是行为动词,并写出词义: 1、She looks well.( )

She tried to look at the blackboard but saw nothing.( ) 2、The students felt unhappy.( ) I felt someone touch my back.( )

3、It was snowing hard when he got to the city.( ) It’s too late. It’s getting darker and darker.( ) 4、The teacher asked the student to turn it over.( )

The leaves of the trees turn green when spring comes.( ) 5、The young trees grow fast.( ) It began to grow dark.( )

6、The bell sounded at 12 o’clock for lunch.( ) The music sounds nice.( ) 第三节 持续动词与瞬间动词

英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。 一、持续性动词

表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。

二、瞬间性动词

表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy,

borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。 以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。 三、用法

1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时,表示动作到现在为止已结束,例如: He has studied English for three years.(他学英语已有3年了。) He has joined the Party.(他已入党了。)

Mum isn’t at home. She has gone to the library.(妈妈不在家,她去图书馆了。) 2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。例如:His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。) My mother has lain in bed for 3 days.(我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。)

My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。)3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法: (1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换,例如:

He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.(他参军已有3年了。)不能用has joined She has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。)不能用has got up Has your brother been away from home for a long time(你哥哥离家已有好久了吗)不能用has left

常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:

1、go——be away 2、come——be here

3、come back——be back 4、leave——be away(be not here) 5、buy——have 6、borrow——keep 7、die——be dead 8、begin——be on 9、finish——be over 10、open——be open 11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost 13、get to know——know 14、turn on——be on

15、get up——be up 16、sit down——sit/be seated 17、join——be in(…)或be a…member 18、become——be

(2)用it is…since…结构来替换瞬间动词,例如: 电影已经开映5分钟了。(两种方法)

The film has been on for five minutes. It’s five minutes since the film began. 他离开上海已有3天了。(两种方法)

He has been away from Shanghai for three days. It is three days since he left Shanghai. 这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。(一种方法) It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.

他找到他妹妹已有多久了(一种方法) How long is it since be found his sister 4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如: I haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。) [补充说明]

1、本书基本上已把初中课本中的持续动词与瞬间性动词罗列出来,可供教师参考使用。 2、关于持续性动词与瞬间性动词的用法,可以结合现在完成时的教学一起进行。 Exercise 3 一、选择正确的答案:

1、Alice has (come, been) back for a week.

2、His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.

3、When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes. 4、The lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a day.

5、Have you (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week Yes, since last Sunday. 二、用since和for翻译下列句子: 1、这本书我已借了两周了。 2、她离开这儿有5分钟了吗 3、我弟弟入团已有半年多了。 4、Joan来到我校已有两个月了。 5、他们相识有很长一段时间了。

第四节 情态动词 情态动词用法

情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语

一、情态动词的主要特征 试比较下列几组句子,看情态动词的特点:

1、He borrows some books from the library.(他常从图书馆借些书。)

He can borrow some books from the library.(他可以从图书馆借到一些书。)can, 可以 2、I run fast.(我跑得快。) I can’t run fast(我跑得不快。)can’t, 不会,不能

3、Must he go now(他必须现在走吗)must, 必须 Did he go last night(他昨晚去了吗) 4、They may be there.(他们可能在那儿。)may, 可能 They weren’t there.(他们不在那儿。)

从上述四组句子中,可以看出以下几个特点:

1、can、may、must都有各自的词义,表示能力、可能、允诺、愿意、请求等情态,因词义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。

2、情态动词没有人称和数的变化。构成疑问句时,通常放在主语前面(见例3);构成否定句时,not放在这些情态动词之后(见例2)。可用它们的缩写形式(can’t, cannot, mustn’t等)。

二、具体用法 一、 can, could

1) 表示能力(体力、知识、技能)。 Can you lift this heavy box(体力)

Mary can speak three languages.(知识) Can you skate(技能)

此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式;而be able to则有更多的时态。

I’ll not be able to come this afternoon.

当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to,不能用Can。如: He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain. 2) 表示请求和允许。 -----Can I go now

----- Yes, you can. / No, you can’t.

此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could,

might代替,不是过去式,只是语气更委婉,不能用于肯定句和答语中。 ---- Could I come to see you tomorrow ---- Yes, you can. ( No, I’m afraid not. )

3) 表示客观可能性(客观原因形成的能力)。

They’ve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least.

4) 表示推测(惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度),用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。 Can this be true

This can’t be done by him. How can this be true 二、 may, might

1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉,而不是过去式。否定回答时可用can’t 或mustn’t,表示“不可以,禁止”。

----Might/ May I smoke in this room ---- No, you mustn’t.

---- May/Might I take this book out of the room ---- Yes, you can. (No, you can’t / mustn’t. )

用May I...征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气,而用Can I...在口语中更常见。 2)用于祈使句,表示祝愿。 May you succeed!

3) 表示推测、可能性(不用于疑问句)。

might不是过去式,它所表示的可能性比may小。 1.He may /might be very busy now.

2.Your mother may /might not know the truth. 三、 must, have to 1) 表示必须、必要。 You must come in time.

在回答引出的问句时,如果是否定的,不能用mustn’t(禁止,不准),而用needn’t, don’t have to(不必).

---- Must we hand in our exercise books today ---- Yes, you must.

---- No, you don’t have to / you needn’t. 2) must是说话人的主观看法, 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时, have to 有更多的时态形式。

1. The play isn’t interesting, I really must go now. 2. I had to work when I was your age.

3) 表示推测、可能性(只用于肯定的陈述句)

1. You’re Tom’s good friend, so you must know what he likes best. 2. Your mother must be waiting for you now. 四、 dare, need

1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。 1. How dare you say I’m unfair

2. He daren’t speak English before such a crowd, dare he

3. If we dared not go there that day, we couldn’t get the beautiful flowers. 2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。

1.You needn’t come so early. 2. ---- Need I finish the work today ---- Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.

3) dare和 need作实义动词用时, 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中,dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。 1. I dare to swim across this river. 2. He doesn’t dare (to) answer.

3. He needs to finish his homework today.

五、 shall, should

1) shall 用于第一人称,征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening

2) shall 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 1. You shall fail if you don’t work hard.(警告) 2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺) 3. He shall be punished.(威胁) 六、 will, would

1) 表示请求、建议等,would更委婉。 Will / Would you pass me the ball, please 2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。 1. I will never do that again.

2. They asked him if he would go abroad.

3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式,且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。

1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day. 2. The wound would not heal. 4) 表示估计和猜想。

It would be about ten o’clock when she left home. 七、 should, ought to

1) should, ought to表示“应该”,ought to表示义务或责任,比should语气重。

1. I should help her because she is in trouble. 2. You ought to take care of the baby. 2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用,但在疑问句中常用should。 1. You should / ought to go to class right away. 2. Should I open the window 3) 表示推测

should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。

must be home by now. (断定他已到家) ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)

3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽) 4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)

情态动词基本用法: 情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 can 能力(体力,智力,技能) can not / cannot 允许或许可(口语中常用) /can’t do Can…do… 可能性(表猜测,用于否定句Yes,…can. could 或疑问句中) couldn’t do No,…can’t. may 可以(问句中表示请求) may not do May…do… Yes,…may. 可能,或许(表推测) No,…mustn’t/can’t. might 祝愿(用于倒装句中) might not do Might…do… Yes,…might No,…might not. Must…do… Yes,…must. must 必须,应该(表主观要求) must not/mustn’t 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) do No,…needn’t/don’t have to. 只好,不得不(客观的必须,Do…have to do… have to 有时态人称变化) don’t have to do Yes,…do. No,…don’t. ought to 应当(表示义务责任,口语中ought not Ought…to do… 多用should to/oughtn’t to do Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t. 将要,会 shall 用于一三人称征求对方意见 Shall…do… 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、shall not/shan’t do Yes,…shall. 警告、威胁等 No,…shan’t. should 应当,应该(表义务责任) should 本该(含有责备意味) not/shouldn’t do Should…do… will 意愿,决心 will not/won’t do Will…do… would 请求,建议,用在问句中wouldwould Yes,…will. 比较委婉 not/wouldn’t do No,…won’t. dare 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) dare not/daren’t Dare…do… do Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. 需要 need 必须(常用于否定句和疑问句need not/needn’t Need…do… 中) do Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. Used…to do… used Yes,…used. used to 过去常常(现在已不再) not/usedn’t/usen’t No,…use(d)n’t. to do Did…use to do… didn’t use to do Yes,…did. No,…didn’t.

第五节 动词的时态

1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成进have/has been had been shall/will have been should/would have been 行 asking asking asking asking 1)一般现在时: 概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语:

always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, etc.

基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词 否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。 2)一般过去时:

概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词

否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。

一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did 提问,同时还原行为动词。

3)现在进行时:

概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本结构:am/is/are+doing

否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。 4)过去进行时:

概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

基本结构:was/were+doing

否定形式:was/were + not + doing.

一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。 5)现在完成时:

概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。

时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc. 基本结构:have/has + done

否定形式:have/has + not +d one.

一般疑问句:have或has。 6)过去完成时:

概念:以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即“过去的过去”。

时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc. 基本结构:had + done.

否定形式:had + not + done. 一般疑问句:had放于句首。 7)一般将来时:

概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.

基本结构:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.

否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。 8)过去将来时:

概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。 时间状语:the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc. 基本结构:①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.

否定形式:①was/were/not + going to + do;②would/should + not + do. 一般疑问句:①was或were放于句首;②would/should 提到句首。

2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:

I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如: I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。

(三)动词被动语态

英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的,用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系,英语的动词有两种语态形式,即主动语态和被动语态。

如果主语是动作的执行者,谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象,谓语动词用被动语态。如:

They speak English.他们讲英语。

主语“他们”是“讲”这一行为的执行者,是主动句,动词用主动语态来表示; English is spoken by them.英语由他们讲。

主语“英语”是“讲”的承受者,是被动句,动词用被动语态的形式。

He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。(主动语态) The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。(被动语态) 一、 被动语态的构成

1、 助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词构成动词的被动语态的形式。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。 二、 主动语态变被动语态

1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤: (1)将主动句的宾语变为主语:

注意:如果主动句的宾语是代词,需将其由宾格变为主格。如: Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.

主动结构的主语变为介词by的宾语,组成介词短语,放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。主动语态、被动语态两种时态要保持一致。

(2)将动词改为\"be+过去分词\"。

They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。

(3)将主动语态的主语改为be…放在谓语动词后。 注意:如果原主语是代词,则应由主格变为宾格。 He sang a song. → A song was sung by him. 2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项:

含有双宾语,即直接宾语(常指事物)和间接宾语(常指人)的句子,每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语,即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。 Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。 We were told the truth by Jack. The truth was told (to) us by Jack. 三、 各种时态的被动语态

1、 一般现在时:am/is/are +过去分词

We are taught English by her.由她教我们英语。 2、 一般过去时:was/were+过去分词

A present was given to me by Mary.玛丽给了我一件礼物。 3、 一般将来时:will be+过去分词

The desk will be mended by him.这张桌子将由他修理。 4、 现在进行时:am/is/are +being + 过去分词 The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墙壁。 5、 过去进行时:was/were +being + 过去分词

The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候正在作报告。

6、 现在完成时:have/has been+过去分词

The flowers have been watered.这些花已经被浇了。 7、 过去完成时:had been+过去分词 She said this lift had never been used. 8、 过去将来时:would be+过去分词

The film would be shown again sometime next week.

这部电影下周的某个时候又将上映。 9、含有情态动词的被动语态

情态动词的被动语态结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词;其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成,\"be+过去分词\"部分不变。如:

Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。

Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那时桌子可由石头制造。(一般过去时) Can tables be made of stone 桌子能用石头制造吗(疑问句) 四、 被动语态的特殊用法

1、 不及物动词不用于被动语态。

Appear, rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart, belong to, break out, take place等不及物动词不能用于被动语态。

2、 表状态动词不用于被动语态

常见的有:hold, have, cost, contain, become, ail, look like等 3、 某些动词的进行时可表被动

The meat is cooking.肉在煮着。 The cakes are baking,蛋糕在烘。 The book is printing.这本书正在印刷。 4、 主动形式表被动意义。 1)某些感官动词和系动词接形容词可以表示被动意义。如:look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等

Her bedroom looks very clean and tidy.她的卧室看起来非常干净和整洁。

2)动名词的主动形式表示被动语态。如:want, deserve, need, require, take, worth等 The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。

The children need looking after.孩子们需要照看。

3)某些作表语的形容词后,用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。 The conversation is hard to understand.对这话很难理解。 The fish is not easy to fish.鱼不容易钓。

The passage is difficult to read.这段文章很难读懂。 动词的被动语态: 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行含有情态时 am/is/are being asked 10 动词的 can/must/may be asked 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如: Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… 注 It must be pointed out that… 意 It is supposed that… 事 It is reported that… 项 It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 (四)非谓语动词 一.后面可跟动词的ing形式的情况

1.动词: finish doing sth.完成做某事;enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事;practice doing sth. 练习做某事;imagine doing,想象做某事;avoid doing sth.避免做某事;consider doing sth.考虑做某事;suggest doing sth.建议做某事;mind doing sth.介意做某事; keep doing sth.持续做某事

2.固定短语: feel like doing sth.喜欢做某事;be busy doing sth.忙于做某事;be worth doing 值得做某事;spend time (in) doing sth.花费时间(金钱)做某事; have difficult/trouble in doing sth做某事有困难;have fun doing.做某事高兴

3.介词后(on, in, of, about, at, with, without, for, from, up, by等) 如:be good at doing sth.;thank you for doing sth.;give up doing sth.;stop sb. from doing sth.;do well in doing sth.;be afraid of doing sth.;be interested in doing sth.;be proud of;instead of;be fond of

作介词的情况look forward to doing sth期望做某事; prefer doing sth. to doing sth与…相比较更喜欢…; pay attention to doing注意做某事; be/get used to doing sth.习惯于做某事;make a contribution to为…做贡献

二.后面可跟动词的不定式形式的情况

1.动词:agree to do同意去做;afford to do买得起;decide to do决定去做某事;hope to do希望去做;wish to do希望去做;fail to do做某事失败去;plan to do打算去做;pretend to do假装去做; refuse to do拒绝去做;would like to do想要去做;want to do想要去做某事;learn to do 学做;prefer to do sth. 喜欢(爱)做某事;sb. seem to do sth好像做某事;want/would like to do sth. 想做……;used to do sth. 过去常做某事 2.句型.

allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人去做某事

asked sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事) tell sb. (not) to do sth. 叫某人去(不要)做某事 follow sb. to do sth. 跟随某人去做某事 get sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事

warn sb. (not) to do sth. 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事) be amazed to do sth. 对做某事感到惊讶 be afraid to do sth. 害怕做某事

be excited to do sth. 对做……感到兴奋 be frightened to do sth. 害怕去做某事 be glad/happy to do sth. 高兴去做某事 be/get ready to do sth.准备做某事

be sorry to do sth. 对做某事感到抱歉 be surprised to do sth. 对做某事感到惊奇 can’t wait to do sth. 迫不急待地去做某事

get/have a chance to do sth. 得到一个做某事的机会

It’s + adj.+(for sb.) to do sth. 做某事(对某人来说)怎么样 It’s +adj. +(of sb.) to do sth.

It takes sb. some time/money to do sth. 花费某人多长时间做某事(常考) It’s best for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的 It’s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人做某事的时候了

too…(for sb.) to …太……以致不能…… ==not… enough to do

prefer to do sth. rather than do sth. 宁愿……而不愿……(常考)

something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西(词不定式放在something等后修饰这些 Sth. is hard/difficult/easy to do 做好某事很难/容易

take turns to do sth. 轮流做……

There is no time (for sb. ) to do sth. 对(某人来说)没时间做某事了 There is no need (for sb.) to do sth. 对某人来说没必要做某事 try/do one’s best to do sth. 尽力去做某事

三、后既能跟不定式也能跟动名词的情况: 1、后加不定式或动名词意思相近的动词

有些动词接doing和to do意义相近像like(喜欢),love(喜欢),hate(憎恨),prefer(宁可),begin(开始),start(开始),continue(继续)。如:等词后加不定式或动名词区别不大:如:like to do表示想要做某一具体的动作 like dong表示一般或抽象的多次动作 它们在实际使用中区别很小。

2、后加不定式或动名词区别较大的动词:

remember to do(记住去做) remember doing(记得做过) forget to do(忘记去做) forget doing(忘记做过) try to do(设法做) try doing(试着做) go on to do(接着做另一事) go on doing(继续做同一事) stop to do(停下来去做) stop doing(停止做)

can’t help to do(不能帮助做) can’t help doing(情不自禁做) 四、后跟不带to的不定式(动词原形)的情况。 1.在感官动词和使役动词后

feel, hear,listen to,watch,look at,see, notice ,make,let,have等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语时应省去不定式符号to。注意:将此句改为被动句时,省去的不定式符号to应加上。 在动词help后跟不定式作宾语或宾语补足语时,既可带to,也可不带to。 2.助动词或情态动词后:

do, did, does, will, shall, would, should, can, may, must等后面接不带to的动词不定式。 3.某些固定句型中

1)Will(Would)you please(not)...请(不要)做某事好吗 2)had better最好做某事

3)Why not...为何不做某事

4) would rather(not)...宁可(不);宁愿(不)此句型也可以扩展成:would rather...than...=would...rather than...。 5)在祈使语气(或口语)中。

五.既可跟动词原形又可跟动词ing形式的情况。

see,watch,hear等动词,后面既可跟原形又可跟动名词形式,跟原形时表示做过或经常做,跟动名词时表示正在做。

see/watch sb. do sth.看到某人做过(经常做)某事 see/watch sb. doing sth.看到某人正在做某事

hear sb. do sth.听到某人做过(经常做)某事 hear sb. doing sth.听到某人正在做某事

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