重点句型
1．“So + be／have／助动词／情态动词＋主词”的结构。此结构中的语序是倒装的，
“So”代替上句中的某个成分。如果上面一句是否定“Neither/Nor+be/have/
助动词/情态动词+主语”的结构。例如
He’s tired，and so am I．(＝I’ m also tired．)
You can swim，and so can I．(＝I can also swim．)
She has had supper，and so can I．(＝I’ve had lunch，too．)
Tom speaks English，and so does his sister．(＝His sister speaks English，too．)A: I went to the park yesterday．B: So did I．
(＝I also went to the park yesterday．)
2．“So +主语+be／have／助动词／情态动词”结构中的主谓是正常语序，os
相当于indeed,certainly,表示说话人对前面或对方所说情况的肯定、赞同或证实，语气较强，意思是“确实如此”。例如
A：It was cold yesterday．昨天很冷。B：So it was．的确如此。(＝Yes，it was．)
A：You seem to like sports．B：So I do．(＝Yes，I do．)
A：It will be fine tomorrow．B：So it will．
(＝Yes ，it will．)
3．“主语+do/does/did + so”结构指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中doso代替上文中要求做的事，以免重复。
My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I
did so.(=I handed in
my composition on time.)
语文老师叫我按时交作文, 我照办了。
4．So it is with…或It is the same with…句型表示“……(的情况)也是如此。”当前面的句子中有几种不同形式的谓语时，要表示相同情况，必须使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒装句。
She doesn’t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with mysister.
5、There you are.行了，好。
这是一句表示一种事情告一段落或有了最终结果的用语。如：There you are! Then let's have some coffee.
除此之外，还可以表示“瞧，对吧（果然如此）”的语气。例如：There you are! I knew we should find it at last.对吧！我就知道我们最终能找到的。
6、have some difficulty (in) doing sth. 干某事有困难；接名词时，常用句型：
have some difficulty with sth.
①Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding English?你理解英语口语有困难吗？
②She said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.她说她在发音方面有困难。
7、have a good knowledge of sth.
“掌握……”，“对……有某种程度的了解”①He has a good knowledge of London.他对伦敦有所了解。
②A good knowledge of languages is always useful.
8、Tree after tree went own, cut down by the water, which must havebeen three metres deep.
一棵又一棵的树被水冲倒、冲断。那水肯定有三米深。“must have + 过去分词”表示对已发生事情的猜测。在英语中，must，may三个情态动词可用来表示对事情的猜测。Must意为“肯定”，语气很有把握；意为“可能”、“也许”，语气把握性不大。两者常用在肯定句中。Can意肯定”、“也许”，常用在否定句或疑问句
中。Must，may，can三者用于表示猜测时，其后面可跟三种不同的动词形式：
1）跟动词原形表示对现在事情的猜测；
2）跟be doing表示对正在发生事情的猜测；3）跟have done表示对已经发生的事情的猜测。例如：
Helen is Lucy’s good friend. She must know Lucy’s e-mail.海伦是露茜的好朋友。她肯定知道露茜的电子邮件。
We can hear loud voices in the meeting room. They must bequarrelling.
我们可以听到会议室很吵。他们肯定在吵架。
I met Jeff at the gate a moment ago. He can’t have gone to Australia.我刚才还在大门口见过杰夫。他不可能去了澳大利亚。
9、Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkeyeat from his hand.
魏彬拿出一些花生。看着猴子从他手上吃花生，很有趣。fun “好玩，趣事”，不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词a。You’re sure to have some fun at the party tonight.今天晚上你肯定会玩得很开心。make fun of“取笑”，“嘲弄”。
People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a strangejacket.
人们嘲笑他只是因为他穿了一件那么奇怪的衣服。funny adj. “可笑的，滑稽的”。
He looks very funny in his father’s jacket.他穿着他父亲的衣服，看上去很滑稽。
10、Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in thesea……
许多看过这部电影的人都不敢在海里游。afraid 用法说明：1）害怕人/ 物，如：be afraid of sb / sth2）不敢做某事，如：
be afraid to do sth / of doing sth
He is afraid to go out / of going out alone at night.
3) 担心会发生某事, 如: be afraid of doing sth或be afraid + that clauseHe seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid of fallinginto the river.
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid that he mightfall into theriver.
4) 给人不愉快的信息或不赞同某人意见时, 用I’m afraid …, 如:
I’m afraid I’ve got bad news for you.I’m afraid I can’t agree with you.
11、It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盘子里所有东西吃完是有礼貌的。
这是一个动词不定式作主语的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主语，it
是形式主语。
12、I wish you all the best.我祝你万事如意.用wsih来表示祝愿的结构是wish sb sth, 此外我们还可以用may来表示祝愿: May sb do sth如:May you succeed.
13、Where there is a river, there is a city.有河流的地方就有城市。Where
在这里引导的是地点状语从句，相当于介词in/ at/ to + the place + where从句9定语从句），意思是“在……地方”。例如：Where there is smoke, there is fire.无风不起浪；事出有因。
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在气候温暖的地方。
14、Strong, proud, and united, the people of St Petersburg are themodern heroes of Russia .
圣彼得堡人民坚强不屈、充满自豪、团结一致，他们是俄罗斯当代的英雄。
Strong, proud, and united
为前置定语，在这里相当于一个非限制性定语从句：
The people of St Petersburg , who are strong, proud, and united, arethe modern heroes of Russia .
当主语比较短时，这类短语常常放在句首。15. Congratulations!
是一句祝贺用语，在使用时要用复数形式。其他几个通常以复数形式出现表达特定含义的名词有：manners（礼貌）：He is a little boy with good manners.这个小男孩很有礼貌。regards (问候)：
Please send my regards to your parents.请代我问候你父母。
16. Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in theOlympic Games.
没四年，世界各地的运动员们都要参加奥运会。
“every + 基数词+ 时间/ 距离单位”词表示“每多少时间/ 距离”。如：every five days（每五天）, every three hours（每三小时）, every tenmetres
（每十公尺）
类似表达形式还有：
every fifth day, every third hour“每隔一天”的表达形式有：
every second day, every two days, every other day.
17、 Modern cellphones are more than just phones—they are used ascameras and radios, and to send e-mail or surf the Internet.
现代的手机不仅仅是电话机—它们也当坐照相机和收音机使用，还可以发送电子邮件和上网。
use A as B 把A用作B。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones as tools for farming.在古代，人们把石头用作耕作的工具。use sth to do sth
用某物来做某事。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones to kill animals for food.在古代，人们用石头来捕杀动物获取食物。
18、The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touchwith friends and family no matter where we are or what we are doing.答案似乎是：无论我们在何处或正在做什么，我们都需要和朋友以及家人一直保持联系。
1) seem 似乎，好像，其用法及搭配有：seem + adj., 如： Thisproblem seems complicated, but actually it is simple.这个问题看似复杂，其实很简单。 seem to do ：I seem to have seen him somewhere before.我好像以前在哪儿见过他。
It seems that…,； It seems that everything is going on well.好像一切正常。
It seems as if…,： It seems as if it’s going to rain.看来快要下雨了。2) no matter
无论，不管，后面常跟疑问词引导的从句，其意相当于疑问词后加ever。如no
matter what=whatever; no matter where=wherever; no matter
how=however; no matter ,when=whenever
例如：No matter when (Whenever) I meet him, he is always wearingthat old hat.
不管我什么时候遇见他，他总是戴着那顶旧礼帽。
No matter how (However) expensive the cellphone is, I’ll buy itbecause I need one badly.
无论这手机有多贵，我都要买。因为我急需有个手机。
重点语法：
直接引语和间接引语
1. 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。
eg: “I broke your CD player.” (一般过去时改成过去完成时)He told mehe had broken my CD player. Jenny said, “I have lost a book.”
(现在完成时改成过去完成时)Jenny said she had lost a book. Mumsaid, “I’ll go to see a friend.”(一般将来时改成过去将来时)
Mum said she would go to see a friend.过去完成时保留原有的时态
He said, “We hadn’t finished our homework.” He saidthey hadn’t finishedtheir homework.注意
直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。
2．在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：
Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”=Mary said her brother wasand engineer.
3．直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由
whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：
He said, “Can you run, Mike?”=He asked Mike whether/if he could run.4. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等) sb(not) to do sth.”句型。如：
“Pass me the water, please.”said he.。=He asked him to pass her thewater.
5. 直接引语如果是以“Let’s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动名词或从句”的结构。如：
She said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”=She suggested going to thecinema.
或She suggested that they should go to the cinema. 现在进行时表将来的动作
现在进行时表将来的动作，谓语通常为瞬间动词。如：
come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。
（1）用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作。
（2）现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于：前者通常用瞬间动词（有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do）如：go,come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。He is reading a novel.他在看小说。
The train is arriving soon.火车就要进站了。
（3） 用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。
（4） 现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的，而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情，因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。What are you doing next Friday?下星期五你们打算干什么？The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.
飞机今晚七点半起飞。定语从句
（the Attributive Clause）
1. 描述特定时间的特征 ---- 由when或介词+which引导定语从句：
This was the moment when / at which Spielberg’s career really tookoff.
2. 描述特定地点的特征---- 由where或介词+which引导定语从句：
Chuck survives the air crash and lands on a deserted island where / onwhich there are no people.
3. 描述特定原因或理由的内容---- 由why或介词+which引导定语从句:
The reason why / for which Steven Spielberg could not go to the FilmAcademy was that his grades were too low.
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，归纳起来，二者有以下几点不同：一、作用不同
限制性定语从句与先行词的关系非常密切，是先行词不可缺少的定语，它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或物 如果删去，全句的意思就会变得不明确。而非限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词的一个附加修饰语，对先行词只起进一步补充说明的作用；若把它去掉，全句意思仍然清楚。例如：
The girl who stood in the corner just now is my younger sister．刚才站在角落里的那个姑娘是我的妹妹。
Mary Smith，who is in the corner，wants to meet you．玛丽·史密斯在那个角落里，她想见你。
第一个例句中的定语从句指明作为主语的“姑娘”不是任何一个，而是在角落的那个。如果去掉定语从句，表达的意思就不明确。第二个例句已经表明主语是谁，
定语从句只不过是补充说明一点情况而已。若去掉从句，句子意思仍然完整。
二、形式不同
非限制性定语从句与先行词之间通常有逗号 而限制性定语从句与先行词之间则无逗号。例如：
He’s the man who lives next door．
他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（从句不可少，从句前无逗号。）His wife，whom you met at my house，is a teacher．
他的妻子是一位老师，你在我家曾见过她。（从句可有可无，从句前有逗号。）三、含义不同
限制性定语从句有涉他性；非限制性定语从句有唯一性。例如：In the class there are ten students who speak English very well．这个班上有十名英语说得好的学生。（暗示班上不只是十个学生。）In the class there are ten students，who speak English very well．这个班上有十名学生，他们英语说得很好。（非限制性定语从句，表明班上只有十个学生。）
4、 译法不同
5、 在把限制性定语从句译成汉语时，通常在从句的末尾加“的”字，放在它所修饰名词的前边。而在把非限制性定语从句译成汉语时，一般译
成一个单独的句子。请看下面例句：
The film that we saw yesterday was very interesting．我们昨天看的电影非常有趣。
Beijing，which is the capital of China，is a very beautiful city．北京是中国的首都，它是一座非常美丽的城市。限定性定语从句
1、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词
that, which, who ( 宾格whom,所有格whose)和关系副词where, when，关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成份。
⑴The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.
住在我的隔壁的人是卖菜的。 在该句中the man 是先行词，who 是关系代词，引导定语从句who lives next to us.在定语从句中，who 作主语。2、由关系代词
who, whom, which, that引导的限定性定语从句。
1)如果先行词是人，则用关系代词who/that; 如果先行词是物，则用关系代词
which/that。
⑵The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as250,000.
无家可归的人多达25万。
⑶It sounded like a train that was going under my house.它听起来就像是在我的房子下行驶的一列火车。
2）关系代词who, whom, which, that既起联系作用，引导定语从句，使之同它句中的某个名词/代词发生关系，同时又充当定语从句的一个成份。（如作从句中的主语或宾语）。当它们在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略。
⑷The boy(who/whom/that)we saw yesterday was John's brother.我们昨天见到的那个男孩是约翰的兄弟。
⑸The car (which/that)my uncle just bought was destroyed in theearthquake.
我叔叔刚买的那辆汽车在地震上毁坏了。 说明： 关系代词whom用来指人，是宾格，常用在书面语中作定语从句的宾语。在口语和非正式文体中，常用who/that
来代替whom或省略，如例句4。
3）当关系代词that或which修饰事物，作介词宾语时，如果介词位于关系代词之前，则用which(
不能省)而不用that。
⑹The tool with which he is working is called a saw = Thetool(that/which)he is working with is called a saw.他干活的那个工具叫锯子（不说…with that…）
⑺The factory in which his father used to work was closed last month =the factory (that/which) his father used to work in was closed lastmonth.
他父亲以前工作过的那家工厂上个月关闭了。 说明：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。
Is this the watch (which/that)you are looking for?这是你正在找的那块手表吗？
The babies(whom/that)the nurses are looking after are very healthy.那些护士正在照顾的宝宝们非常健康。被动语态结构:
1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词 .be有人称.时态.
数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样.一般现在时 am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时was/were +及物动词的过去分词一般将来时will +be +及物动词的过去分词
现在完成时have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词
2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词+ be +及物动词的过去分词否定式:是在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not构成
疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.
被动语态主要的用法
1）我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁（这时 都不带由by引起的短语）。
The book is written for teachers.这种书是为教师写的。
2）动作的承受者是谈话的中心（这时可带有by引起的短语）。The shop is run by a young man.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。
3）出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.
一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。
4）被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。
Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by theaudience.
刘德华在台上出现，观众给予了热烈的掌声。
5）在汉语中被动结构的句子是很多的，有些带有“被”、 “受”、“由”等词，译成英语时较易想到用被动结构。①他被选为我班班长。
He was elected monitor of our class.
但在更多情况下却不带这类标记，这种情况值得特别注意。②运动会什么时候开？
When will the sports meet be held? 注 意 点：1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.
2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talkabout,turn on等
eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.
→The little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.
3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有be covered with be surprised atbe interested in be worried aboutbe made of/from be known to
4. 某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思.eg. This dictionary sells well.
This kind of car drives fast. The woolen sweater costs$ 88. 8
5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语(动作执行者) (动作承受者 )被动句: 主语 +谓语动词的被动形式+ by +动作执行者(动作承受者)
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容