2015年南京大学考博英语真题试卷 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. Structure and Vocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English Translation
Structure and Vocabulary
1． The ambassador was accused of having______on domestic affairs. A．trespassed B．encroached C．entrenched D．invaded
正确答案：B
解析：近义词词义辨析。encroach，invade，trespass这三个词均指损害他人权利，侵占其财产或侵犯别国的领土。encroach通常指蚕食，即逐渐地、不声不响或偷偷摸摸地进入别国的领土，或攫取别人的财物，侵犯他人的权利，常与介词on或upon连用。invade暗示着明目张胆、凶残与暴行，常用来指一国武装侵略另一国。也可用来指疾病、虫害的侵袭。trespass是个法律用语，指未经许可进入私人土地，或非法侵入，常与on或upon连用。句中提及侵犯他国内政，encroach更加符合语境。entrench与on搭配使用时表示挖掘壕沟，与题意不符。故答案为B。
2． The goal is to use crops, weeds and even animal waste______the petroleum that fuels much of American manufacturing.
A．in terms of B．in favor of C．in spite of D．in place of
正确答案：D
解析：介词词组辨析。句中crops，weeds，animal waste与petroleum“石油”对比可知，这两组是性质不同的能源，由此可知空格处的词组应为“取代”的意思，选项中只有D表示“取代，替换”的意思。故答案为D。
3． As computer security systems become even more advanced, ______the methods of those who try to break into them illegally.
A．so much do B．so too do C．as much as D．as well as
正确答案：A
解析：语法知识。本句为主从复合句，空格处的句子为主句，选项C与选项D缺少谓语动词，可排除。选项B是错误的结构。选项A是so引导的部分倒装结构，助动词do替代前面从句的谓语结构。故答案为A。
4． Parents with only one child tend to have higher academic______for their child.
A．ambitions B．intentions C．propositions D．aspirations
正确答案：A
解析：名词词义辨析。ambition“野心，报负”；intention“意图，目的”；proposition“命题，提议”；aspiration“渴望，报负”。句中提及父母对儿女的期盼和渴望，故答案为A。
5． A series of attempts______made, he came to realize that he had underestimated the enormity of the task.
A．were B．to be C．had been D．having been
正确答案：D
解析：语法知识。空格处是分词的独立主格结构做状语的用法，如果选择选项A与选项C原句就出现两个谓语而没有连词连接，不符合句法。选项B表示一般时态，而根据语境，一系列的尝试在认识到问题之前，空格中应使用过去完成时态结构。只有D选项是分词过去时态表被动。故答案为D。
6． Manufacturing is China’s most important economic activity, ______over 30 percent of the workforce.
A．including B．engaging
C．approximating D．accounting
正确答案：B
解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意，空格填入的应为动词的现在分词形式，句中提及制造业雇佣了30％的劳动力，选项中只有engaging有“雇佣”之意。故答案为B。
7． The writer seems to______between approving of Collin’s actions and finding them disgusting.
A．alter
B．transform C．vacillate D．vibrate
正确答案：C
解析：动词词组辨析。句意为：作家似乎在赞成考林的行为和不齿这些行为之间游移不定。选项中只有vacillate有“踌躇，犹豫，游移不定”的意思。故答案为C。
8． A lie is as much a lie, when it is whispered, as when it is______at the market cross.
A．proclaimed B．reclaimed C．acclaimed D．claimed
正确答案：A
解析：形近词词义辨析。四个单词均以-claim为词缀，但意义不同。proclaim“宣告，声明”；reclaim“收回，纠正：指收回或利用废物”；acclaim“欢呼，喝彩”；claim“要求，声称”。句意：不管是小声低语还是在市场门口大声叫喊，谎言终归是谎言。根据句意，答案为A。
9． The______of computer technology has led to major changes in our social and family life.
A．fraudulence B．arrival C．dawn D．advent
正确答案：D
解析：名词词义辨析。句中提及计算机技术的到来，因此答案在B和D之间选择。advent表示“到来，出现”，表示期待的事项的到来，一般指大一些的事情；arrival表示“到达”，一个人的到达，某一个特定地点的到达行为，或者是一种客观实践的完成、结束。advent更加符合语境，故答案为D。
10． Teenage children began to assert their independence and this can lead to good deal of______in the family.
A．controversy B．friction C．restriction D．contradiction
正确答案：B
解析：名词词义辨析。controversy“争论，辩论”；friction“摩擦”；restriction
“限制，约束”；contradiction“矛盾，不一致”。句中提及的是父母和子女之间的矛盾和摩擦，friction侧重双方的不和谐，contradiction强调的是两个观点或概念的矛盾。结合语境，friction更合适，故答案为B。
11． Their reflexive mindset tells scientists that all claims, ______political, moral, or religious are open to examination and critique.
A．be they
B．However they are C．no matter they are D．whether they be
正确答案：A
解析：语法知识。空格处为让步状语从句。whether和no matter均可以引导让步状语从句。选项C后不能有or，选项D在表示虚拟语态时才使用，选项A是whether they are的倒装结构。故答案为A。
12． The development of the English language falls into three reasonably ______periods: Old English, Middle English, and Modern English.
A．cutting B．rational C．distinct D．disputable
正确答案：C
解析：形容词词义辨析。根据句意可知空格处应填入表示“不同的”之意的形容词，选项中只有C选项有此意义，故答案为C。
13． The death of his father gave him a whole new______on life: now he spends more time with his family.
A．perspective B．euphemism C．conformation D．providence
正确答案：A
解析：名词词义辨析。句意：他父亲的死让他对生活有了一个全新的看法：他现在会在家庭上花费更多的时间。perspective“观点”；euphemism“委婉语”；conformation“构造”；providence“天意，深谋远虑”，perspective符合句意，故答案为A。
14． As the leaves turn yellow and fall, you can feel the______of winter. A．approach B．effect
C．surrounding
D．specimen
正确答案：A
解析：名词词义辨析。句意：当树叶变黄、开始飘落的时候，你可以感受到冬天的临近。approach“临近，靠近”；effect“影响，作用”；surrounding“环境，周围的事物”；specimen“样本，标本”，选项A符合句意，故答案为A。
15． The teacher’s role is not simply to______knowledge to students; he should also set a good example for them.
A．provide B．impart C．share D．stretch
正确答案：B
解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意判断，空格处应填入“传授”之意的动词。选项中只有impart符合句意，impart to表示“传授，告知”。故答案为B。
16． Thomas Leech______a very successful career as a photographer. A．built up B．carved out C．fought for D．stumbled on
正确答案：B
解析：动词词组辨析。动词词组的宾语为career“事业”，由此可知，空格处的词语应表示“开创”的意思，build up“增强，加强”；carved out“创业，开创”；fought for“为……而奋斗”；stumbleon“无意中发现，偶然遇到”。根据句意只有carved out合适。故答案为B。
17． Hardy’s weakness______his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.
A．lay in
B．gave rise to C．shed light on D．derived from
正确答案：D 解析：动词词组辨析。句意：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那些不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。lie in“躺在”；give rise to“使发生，引起”；shed light on“阐明”；derive from“源自，来自”。根据句意，空格处的短语表示原因，只有选项D符合语意。故答案为D。
18． Although this theory was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned ______the opposing view.
A．in favor of B．in place of C．instead of D．in terms of
正确答案：A
解析：介词词组辨析。句意：尽管这一理论从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点。句中abandon和opposing提示空格处的词组应是对反对意见的支持。infavor of“赞同，支持”；in place of“代替”；instead of“代替，而不是……”；in terms of“在……方面”，由此可知，A符合题意。
19． Historians such as Le Roy Laduric have used the documents to extract case histories, which have______the attitudes of different social groups and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.
A．laminated B．ruminated C．illuminated D．eliminated
正确答案：C
解析：形近词词义辨析。laminate“分成薄片”；ruminate“沉思”；illuminate“阐明，说明”；eliminate“消除，排除”。空格处动词的宾语为attitude，四个选项中illuminate与attitude搭配更符合语境。句意：像勒罗伊·拉迪里一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度，并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。故答案为C。
20． As our work is not done yet, I’m in no______to go out for a movie tonight. A．mind B．temper C．mood
D．disposition
正确答案：C
解析：固定搭配。in no mood“没心情”，句意：我们的工作还没有做完，今晚没有心情出去看电影。故答案为C。
Cloze
Smoking, which may be a pleasure for some people, is a seruious source of discomfort for their fellows.【C1】______, medical authorities express their【C2】
______about the effect of smoking【C3】______the health not only of those who smoke but also of those who don’t. In fact, non-smokers who must【C4】______inhale the air polluted by tobacco smoke may【C5】______more than the smokers themselves. A【C6】______number of our students have【C7】______in an effort to【C8】______the university to ban smoking in the classrooms. I believe they are【C9】______right in their aim.【C10】______, I would hope that it is【C11】______to achieve this by【C12】______the smokers to use good judgment and show concern【C13】______others rather than by regulation. I am therefore asking you to【C14】______”No Smoking” in the auditoriums, classrooms and seminar rooms. This will prove that you have the non-smoker’s health and well-being【C15】______, which is very important to a large number of our students.
21． 【C1】 A．Still B．More C．Again D．Further
正确答案：D
解析：逻辑关系。空格前句提及对于吸烟者来说，吸烟是引起他们不满的主要的原因，之后又提及吸烟对于吸烟者和不吸烟者的身体健康的影响，后一句是进一步说明吸烟的危害，故两句的逻辑关系应为递进关系，D选项further表示递进，B选项more不能用在句首表递进，故答案为D。
22． 【C2】 A．concern B．trouble C．interest D．displeasure
正确答案：A
解析：名词词义辨析。concern“关心”；trouble“麻烦”；interest“兴趣，爱好”；displeasure“不愉快”。句中提及医学专家表达了对吸烟危害健康的顾虑，且express one’s concern about(or for，over)为固定搭配，意为“对……，的关心，顾虑”；与句意相符。故答案为A。
23． 【C3】 A．on B．in C．with D．to
正确答案：A
解析：固定搭配。effect on表示“对……的作用”。故答案为A。
24． 【C4】 A．involuntarily B．instinctively C．spontaneously D．reluctantly
正确答案：D
解析：上下文语义。根据句意可知，不吸烟者不得不被迫吸入被吸烟者所污染的空气，D选项reluctantly表示不情愿，与句意相符。involuntarily“无心地，不自觉地”；spontaneously“自发地”均与句意不符。故答案为D。
25． 【C5】 A．endure B．suffer C．undergo D．put up with
正确答案：B
解析：近义词词义辨析。四个单词都有“忍耐，容忍”的意思。endure特指忍受较大的或较长时间的磨难和痛苦。该词暗示忍受者具有持久的忍耐力。suffer为正式用语，常指被迫承受某件令人痛苦或有害的事。put up with为口头用语，一般指容忍较小的事情，具有宽容、默认、将就某人或某事的意思。undergo指的是某种历程，并不指陈结果的成败得失。句中提及的是不吸烟者被迫忍受被吸烟者污染了的空气。由此可知，suffer更为合适。故答案为B。
26． 【C6】 A．few
B．considerable C．many
D．quantitative
正确答案：B
解析：形容词词义辨析。根据上下文语义，空格处填入修饰number的形容词，表示相当数量的，而不是少数的，故可排除选项A。选项C和D不能与a搭配使用，a considerable number of表示“大量的，相当数量的”，与语境相符，故答案为B。
27． 【C7】 A．linked B．connected C．associated D．joined
正确答案：D 解析：动词词义辨析。join表示参加(某种组织或活动)，link，connect，associate均表示“联系”，根据上下文语义判断应为参加某项活动，故答案为D。
28． 【C8】 A．make B．persuade C．cause D．commit
正确答案：B 解析：上下文语义。在主动语态中只有make sb．do sth的搭配；commit sb．to sth只有动名词和名词形式，不接不定式；cause sb．to do sth．表示迫使某人做某事；persuades．to do sth．表示劝说某人做某事，句中提及学生参加活动致力于禁止在教室吸烟，根据上下文语义可知学生应该只是劝说，而不是迫使，逼迫禁止在课堂吸烟，故选项B更符合语境。
29． 【C9】 A．entirely B．totally C．just D．wholly
正确答案：A
解析：副词词义辨析。entirely(=completely in degree)常常修饰形容词，强调程度上“完全地”。totally和wholly则强调是数量上的全部。句中空格处的副词修饰形容词right，强调程度上的完全。故答案为A。
30． 【C10】 A．But then B．However C．Although D．Moreove
正确答案：B
解析：逻辑关系。空格前句子提及作者认为学生的初衷是完全正确的，即禁止在教室吸烟，在空格后又提及rather than regulation，由此可推知，相比于之前提及的禁止吸烟，作者更希望另外一种方式而不是规章制度。因此，空格处应填入表示转折关系的连词，而用于句首并用逗号隔开的只有副词However，故答案为B。
31． 【C11】 A．likely
B．probably C．capable D．possible
正确答案：D
解析：根据上下文语义可知空格处应填入表示“可能的”意义的形容词，故可排除选项B和C。possible表示客观上潜在的可能性，也许实际发生的可能性并不大，通常使用it is possible to／that的句型结构。likely强调表面上看来有可能，与probable意思接近，常暗示从表面迹象来判断，常用结构为sb．is likely to或it is likely that。因此，possible更符合语境和语法结构。故答案为D。
32． 【C12】 A．pleading B．begging C．insisting D．calling on
正确答案：D
解析：动词词义辨析。call on“号召，要求”，call on sb．to do sth．表示号召某人做某事，符合语境。beg“乞求，恳求”；plead“恳求”，是不及物动词。beg“请示，恳求”，语气很强。insist“坚持”，insist on doing sth．“坚持做某事”均不符合语境，故答案为D。
33． 【C13】 A．with B．for C．to D．in
正确答案：B
解析：介词搭配。show concern for为固定搭配，表示“关心，对……的关心”。故答案为B。
34． 【C14】 A．inscribe B．decorate C．maintain D．claim
正确答案：C
解析：动词词义辨析。inscribe“雕刻”；decorate“装饰”；maintain“保持”；claim“声称”，句中提及号召大家在观众席和教室里不要吸烟，结合语义，maintain更符合语境，故答案为C。
35． 【C15】 A．on head B．in heart C．in mind
D．in your brain
正确答案：C
解析：固定搭配。have sth．in mind“把……记住，放在心上”。句意为：时刻牢记那些非吸烟者的健康和快乐。故答案为C。
Reading Comprehension
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship group, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment. Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group. Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done”. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group menbers and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
36． What does the passage mainly discuss? A．The problems faced by leaders
B．How leadership differs in small and large groups C．How social groups determine who will lead them D．The role of leaders in social groups
正确答案：D
解析：主旨思想题。首段第一句提到，在美国，人可能通过很多不同的方式成为一个社会团体的领导者。之后的段落着重说明社会团体中两种不同的领导人：建设性的领导和富于表现力的领导。由此可知，文章主要论述说明在社会团体中不同领导的角色。故答案为D。
37． The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT
A．recruitment.
B．formal election process. C．specific leadership training. D．traditional cultural patterns.
正确答案：C
解析：事实细节题。信息定位在首段第二、第三、第四句话。句中提及在家庭中的traditional culturalpattern对应选项D的内容，在较大的团体中，formal process of election，or recruitment分别对应选项B和选项A的内容，选项C在文中未提及。故答案为C。
38． In mentioning “natural leaders” in paragraph two, the author is making the point that
A．few people qualify as “natural leaders”. B．there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist.
C．natural leaders are easily accepted by the members of a social group. D．natural leaders share a similar set of characteristics.
正确答案：B 解析：信息推断题。文中第二段“research failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any categoryof‘natural leader’”指出研究发现那些领导人没有一致的证据表明他们是“自然性的领导人”。之后进一步说明“there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common”即没有所有领导人共同的所谓领导品质的证据。以上信息与选项B中提及的no proof that“natural leader exists”一致。故答案为B。
39． Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph two?
A．A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader of another group.
B．Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
C．A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
D．Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
正确答案：A
解析：信息推断题。文中第二段说明“there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have incommon”即没有所有领导人共同的所谓领导品质。在本段最后一句“any person may be recognizedas a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group．”提出如果一个人有资质迎合特定团队的需要都可能被视作领导人。而“particular group”特定团队的设定说明一个团队的领导人并不一定能够胜任另外团队的领导人角色，与选项A信息一致。故答案为A。
40． The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on A．ensuring harmonious relationship.
B．sharing responsibility with group members. C．identifying new leaders. D．achieving a goal.
正确答案：D
解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文中第三段“instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasize thecompletion or task by a social group．”，指出建设型的领导是那种强调社会团体完成任务型的领导，而随后再说明“expressive leadership”，指出富于表现力的领导较少关注团队的整体目标(lessconcerned with the overall goals of the group)，显然，与建设型的领导在此方面不同。由此可知，instrumental leadership更加关注达成目标，故答案为D。
The word hospice is hundreds of years old. It comes to us from the time called the Middle Ages in Europe. Religious groups then provided hospice as a place where traveler could stay. Sometimes the groups also offered a place for the sick and the dying. Today the word hospice means more than a place. It means a way of caring for the dying. In the modern sense of the word, it means that, if possible, dying people can receive care at home during their last days; and the health-care workers do not try to lengthen the lives of the dying with modern medical equipment. Instead, care-givers make every effort to control or stop the patient’s pain. It also means that patients get help for their emotional needs in addition to their physical needs. A British woman Cicely Saunders was the first major activist for hospice care in modern times. Cicely Saunders worked as a nurse in a hospital right after World War II , where she met a man who was dying of cancer. Together they found ideas about the best possible treatment for people who would never get well again. They talked about treatments that would permit patients to discuss their feelings and to take part in activities meaningful to them. They planned a system that would allow dying people to be surrounded by the people and things they loved most. The dying man gave
Cicely Saunders enough money to study to become a doctor. By 1967 Dr. Saunders had organized and opened St. Christopher’s Hospice in London. In 1974, after the America’s first hospice started in New Haven, others followed suit in cities throughout the country. Organizers had a difficult job. They had to teach the public about the idea of hospice. They had to get money from companies, religious groups and citizens. And they had to negotiate with local govermments to use public money to care for the dying. Thanks to their unyielding determination and painstaking efforts, hospice has grown in America. Dr. Jo Magno, the President of the National Hospice Organization, said that working with the dying occasionally made her sad. Yet she remembers the words of Dr. Cicely Saunders— “We can not add days to life, but we can add life to days. “
41． What is the original meaning the word “hospice”?
A．It was a place where the homeless old people were taken care of. B．It was a place where religious people lived.
C．It was a place offered by churches for the travelers. D．It was a place where doctors treated patients.
正确答案：C 解析：事实细节题。题干中问及的是“hospice”最初的意思(original meaning)，信息定位在文章首段第二句“Religious groups then provided hospice as a place where travelers could stay．”。故答案为C。
42． In the modern sense of the word, hospice includes all of the following EXCEPT
A．a priest is invited to pray for the dying. B．a dying patient is taken care of at his home.
C．efforts are made to reduce the pain of the dying people.
D．the psychological needs of the dying are considered and cared for.
正确答案：A 解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文章首段“Today the word hospice means more than a place”之后的信息。文中“dying people can receive care at home during their last days”与选项B对应；“care—giversmake every effort to control or stop the patient’s pain”与选项C对应；“patients can get help for theiremotional needs in addition to their physical needs”与选项D对应，只有选项A的内容在文中未提及。故答案为A。
43． What did Cicely and the man talk about?
A．How to advise the hospital to treat the dying patients.
B．How to make arrangement for the patients who had no hope of recovery. C．The meaningful activities for all patients to take part in. D．The kind of people that are allowed to visit the patients.
正确答案：B
解析：信息推断题。文中第三段提及Cicely与一位将死的癌症病人讨论对于那些无法治愈的病人们的最好的治疗方法。同时，他们计划一项能够让那些将死之人所最热爱的人和物陪伴在他们身边的医疗体系。由此可知，Cicely和癌症病人讨论的是如何安排那些无法治愈的病人的治疗，故答案为B。
44． How did Cicely Saunders complete her study? A．By working part-time. B．Be obtaining a fellowship.
C．With the help of a man’s money.
D．Through her management of St. Christopher’s Hospice.
正确答案：C 解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文章第二段倒数第二句话“the dying man gave Cicely Saunders enoughmoney to study”，由此可知，Cicely Saunders完成学业的钱来自于这个将死的男人的资助。故答案为C。
45． Which is a correct statement about the early American hospice? A．It was an immediate success as a result of the effort by Dr. Cicely.
B．It was probably not easy to persuade companies to provide financial support. C．Many people readily accepted the new idea. D．Local governments forbade what they did.
正确答案：B 解析：信息推断题。信息定位在文章最后一段。段中“organizers had a difficult job”可知，组织者遇到了一系列的困难。由此可知，选项A中提及的immediate success与文中意义不符。文中提及“they had to teach the public about the idea of hospice”，可知公众对终极关怀的理念是不甚理解的，选项C与此信息不符；由“they had to negotiate with the local government to use public money to carefor the dying”可知，当地政府并不是禁止(forbid)该机构，而是不情愿拨公款支持，选项D亦不正确。文中“they had to get money from companies”可知组织者们不得不费力从企业那里获得钱款，与选项B内容一致，故答案为B。
What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially middel-class republics—whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans—have always shown a marked taste for portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists how could meet their demands. The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surpisingly, form New England—especially Connecticut and Massachusetts—for this was a wealthy and populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after the
singning of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing westward, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the United States’ population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had been added to the original thirteen. During these years the demand for portraits grew and grew, eventually to be satisfied by the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once again an original portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the professional. But in the heyday of portrait painting-from the late eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a portaitist was called. Local craftspeople-sign, coach, and house painters—began to paint portraits as a profitable sideline; sometimes a talented man or woman who began by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests for portraits; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait painting.
46． In lines 3-5 the author mentions seventeenth-century Dutch burghers as an example of a group that
A．consisted mainly of self-taught artists B．appreciated portraits
C．influenced American folk art D．had little time for the arts
正确答案：B
解析：事实细节题。题干中提及seventeenth—century Dutch burghers，作者以此为例是为了说明文章首段首句提出的观点，即美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增，他们创造了各种艺术市场，特别是肖像绘画。由此可知，答案为B。
47． According to the passage, where were many of the first American folk art portaits painted?
A．In western New York B．In Illinois and Missouri
C．In Connecticut and Massachusetts D．In Ohio
正确答案：C 解析：事实细节题。信息定位在第二段“The earliest American folk art portraits come，not surprisingly，from New England—especially Connecticut and Massachusetts”，可知美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区——特别是康涅狄格州和麻萨诸塞州。故答案为C。
48． The word “this” in line 8 refers to A．a strong craft tradition B．American folk art C．New England D．western New York
正确答案：C
解析：指示代词题。this之前提及美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区(New England)，之后解释原因：这一地区富裕、人口稠密，而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。由此可知，this指代的是前面提及的New England。故答案为C。
49． The phrase “ushering in” in line 17 is closest in meaning to A．beginning B．demanding C．publishing D．increasing
正确答案：A
解析：词义推断题。文中第二段“the demand for portraits grew and grew，eventually to be satisfied bycamera．”提及美国独立后50年间，肖像绘画的要求不断增长，直到有了照相机才算得到满足。之后“In 1839 the daguerreotype was introduced to America，”提及1839年银版照相法传入美国，camera相机，daguerreotype“印版照相法”与ushering in the age of photography中的photography“摄影”所说明的内容一致，由此可推知，随着1839年银版照相法传入美国，摄影时代到来，故ushering in的意义应为“到来，开始”，故答案为A。
50． According to the passage, which of the following contributed to a decline in the demand for paint portraits
A．The lack of a strong craft tradition
B．The westward migration of many painters
C．The growing preference for landscape paintings D．The invention of the camera
正确答案：D 解析：事实细节题。文中第二段提及摄影时代的到来致使在不超过一代人的时间内，手工画像就不再风靡了。由“within a generation the new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits”可知，对手工画像需求的减少源自照相机的发明，故答案为D。
What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers? At a guess I would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future. Technology and the division of labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of
paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they have reduced the number of necessary laboring hours. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example, ritualized their time; there was a season to shoot grouse, a season to spend in town, etc. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people. Again, the masses cannot go in for hunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For other aristocratic amusements like gambling, dueling, and warfare, it may be only too easy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, and senseless acts of violence. Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work, be it physical like the work of a smith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work is aptly expressed by the phrase “getting one’s teeth into a problem”.
51． According to the passage, the writer believes the majority of the population A．are unhappy with what they do.
B．will get bigger in their number in the future. C．agree with him on his classification.
D．are in the fortunate position of being workeers.
正确答案：A
解析：信息推断题。作者在文章首段提及在一个现代化的技术社会里，总人口中有多大比例的人能够像我一样有幸成为工作者呢?(in the fortunate position of being workers)，作者在这里使用了fortunate，表示实际上劳动者并不幸运。因为在其后的段落里，作者提及技术和劳动的分工在许多领域取消了特别才能和技术的需要，把过去本来令人愉快的大量受雇职业的工作变成了令人厌倦的劳动(enjoyable work into being labour)；劳动者有了更多的休闲时光。但是对于劳动者来说，在未来这样一个大众社会里，要解决“无聊”这个问题，也许比过去的贵族们要困难得多。由“theproblem of dealing with boredom may be even more difficult for such a future mass society than it was foraristocracies．”可知，对于大多数人来说，他们对于所做的事情并不感到快乐，故答案为A。
52． According to the passage, technology and division of labour have done all of the following EXCEPT
A．increasing the joy of the paid occupations.
B．making skill and special strength unnecessary in work. C．causing jobs to be dull labour. D．decreasing working hours
正确答案：A 解析：事实细节题。信息定位在第二段，eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill与选项B对应；made a very large number of paid occupations which formerly were enjoyable work into boringlabor与选项C对应；reduced the number of necessary laboring hours与选项D对应。选项A中提及increasing the joy of the paid occupation与the prospect is not cheerful意义相悖，由此可知答案为A。
53． What can be inferred from the passage about special strength and skill? A．Special strength and skill must be abandoned if people want to enjoy their work.
B．Special strength and skill are necessary for people to find their work enjoyable.
C．Special strength or skill causes work to be boring
D．Special strength or skill reduces the number of necessary labouring hours.
正确答案：B
解析：信息推断题。文中第二段首句提及技术和劳动的分工，通过在许多领域取消了特别才能和技术的需要，把过去本来令人愉快的大量受雇职业的工作变成了令人厌倦的劳动，言外之意，那些需要特殊才能和技术的工作可以给劳动者带来快乐，故答案为B。
54． According to the passage aristocracy dealt with boredom by A．enjoying more leisure. B．working with labourers.
C．demanding difficult work for the masses. D．ritualizing their time.
正确答案：D 解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文章第二段“The latter，for example，ritualized their time”，由此可知答案为D。
55． Which of the following is one of the amusements of the masses? A．Hunting B．Gambling
C．Foolish acts of violence D．Doing scientific research
正确答案：D
解析：事实细节题。文中第二段“Workers seldom commit acts of violence，because they can put theiraggression into their work”，提及工作者很少从事暴力活动，他们可以把自己的“敌对心理”用在工作上。之后举例说明不管是工匠的体力活，还是科学家、艺术家的脑力活都是他们解决无聊问题的方法。此信息与选项D内容一致，选项A和B都是过去贵族们的消遣活动，选项C与文章内容不符，故答案为D。
English-Chinese Translation
56． There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfactions we get from a lifetime depend on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless. Happiness is never more than partial. There are no pure states of mankind. Whatever else happiness may be, it is neither in having not in being, but in becoming. What the Founding Fathers declared for us as an inherent right, we should do well to remember, was not happiness but the pursuit of happiness. What they might have underlined, could they have foreseen the happiness-market, is the cardinal fact that happiness is in the pursuit itself, in the meaningful pursuit of what is life-engaging and life-revealing, which is to say, in the idea of becoming.
正确答案： 除非我们愿意直面那些需要我们全身心投入的艰难困苦，否则便不会有幸福可言。正如叶芝所说，除却某些不可能的情形，我们人生中所获取的满足皆取决于我们在多高的境界中选择我们所愿意面对的艰难困苦。当罗伯特?弗罗斯特言及“以苦为乐”时，他内心所思，大体如此。商业广告中所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命缺陷就在于它宣称，一切幸福皆唾手可得，不费吹灰之力。 幸福不可部分取之。人没有纯粹的状态，不管幸福是什么，它既不在于拥有，也不在于享受，而在于实现。先驱们声称我们拥有与生俱来的权利，但最好记住，我们的权利不是幸福，而是追求幸福。如果他们可以预见幸福市场的话，或许他们会强调幸福在于追求本身，在于用生命去追寻并获得人生启迪的意义，也就是说在于追求的过程。衡量一个国家不是看它占有或想占有什么，而是看它怎么实现。
Chinese-English Translation
57． 据心理学家称，乐观和自信是健康的心理状态所应具备的要素。焦虑是一种心理问题，他源自对生活中的不确定因素的内在恐惧，或者说是一种不安全感。繁荣的市场经济中躁动的消费需求是某些人焦虑情绪产生的原因。名车、豪宅和优越的生活被人们视为高档的标志。但是，由于多数人难以达到这样的生活标准，有些人就会产生失落感。 然而，这种出于对金钱崇拜而产生的焦虑感并不具有代表性。对于多数人来说，引起焦虑的重要原因是高昂的房价、教育支出和医疗费用。人们生活在巨大的压力之下，但是低廉并且增长缓慢的工资使他们看不到脱离困境的希望。有时似乎是机会多多，人们也会因此而产生焦虑。
正确答案： According to psychologists, optimism and confidence should be the major elements for a healthy mental status. Anxiety is a mental problem, whose roots are in inner fear over the uncertainties in life. Or, say, it is a feeling of insecurity. The prospering market economy reflected in conspicuous consumption is the reason
for some people’s anxiety. Brand-name cars, luxurious houses and superior lives are within sight of common people with high profiles. But as they are hardly achievable of many, some people feel frustrated. Such anxiety over the worship of money, however, is not representative. The major reasons causing anxiety for most people are high house prices, education expenses and medical costs. People are living under high pressure, but they see little hope for escape as their incomes are low and their increases are slow. At a time that seems to be full of opportunities, people live with many anxieties.
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容