(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
二、Section I Multiple Choice(总题数：22，分数：22.00)
1.The Space Age ______ in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.
（分数：1.00） A.initiated B.originated C.embarked D.commenced √
解析：commence开始，着手。initiate着手，发起。or4ginate起源于；开创。embark乘船，装载；从事。 2.John said that he didn't quite ______ and asked me to repeat what I had said.
（分数：1.00） A.snatch up B.summon up C.catch on √ D.watch out
解析：catch on理解，明白。snatch up夺取，迅速抓取。summon up总结。watch out当心。
3.When he tried to make a ______, he found that the hotel that he wanted was completely filled because of a convention.
（分数：1.00） A.complaint B.claim
C.reservation √ D.decision
解析：reservation预定。complaint埋怨，不满。claim声称，断言。decision决定。 4.A budget of five dollars a day is totally ______ for a trip round Europe.
（分数：1.00） A.inadequate √ B.incapable C.incompatible D.invalid
解析：inadequate不充足的；不适当的。incapable无能力的，不会的。incompatible；合不来的。invalid无适当根据的，无充分事实的。
5.In our highly technological society, the number of jobs for unskilled workers is ______
（分数：1.00） A.shrinking √ B.obscuring C.altering D.constraining
解析：shrink收缩，减少。obscure难解的，不著名的。alter改变，改动。constrain强迫；约束。 6.The fuel of the continental missile is supposed to be ______ by this device.
（分数：1.00） A.ignited √ B.lighted C.fired D.inspired
解析：ignite点燃，引发。lighten减轻；点亮。fire火灾；射击。inspire鼓舞，激起。 7.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus.
（分数：1.00） A.to have caught B.to catch √ C.catching D.having caught
解析：have time to do sth.不定式做目的状语，表未完成的动作。
8.Frankly speaking, your article is very good except for some ______ mistakes in grammar.
（分数：1.00） A.obscure B.glaring C.trivial √ D.rare
解析：trivial琐碎的，不重要的。obscure不著名的；费解的。glaring炫目的；明显的。rare稀有的；珍奇的。
9.As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.
（分数：1.00） A.needn't dress up
B.did not need have dressed up C.did not need dress up D.needn't have dressed up √
解析：need have done本不用做而做了某事。
10.Certain species disappeared or became ______ as new forms arose that were better adapted to the Earth's changing environment.
（分数：1.00）
A.feeble B.extinct √ C.massive D.extinguished
解析：extinct灭绝。feeble虚弱的。massive大块的；大规模的。extinguish熄灭，扑灭；使消亡。 11.I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
（分数：1.00） A.offend
B.had offended √ C.should have offended D.might have offended
解析：虚拟语气，用had done的形式表示与过去事实相反。
12.Franklin D. Roosevelt argued that the depression stemmed from the American economy' ______ flaws.
（分数：1.00） A.underlining B.vulnerable C.vulgar D.underlying √
解析：underlying根本的，潜在的。underlining加下划线的，突出的。vulnerable易受伤的，脆弱的。vulgar粗野的，下流的。
13.Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.
（分数：1.00） A.to be told B.having been told C.being told √ D.to have been told
解析：resist doing sth.，固定搭配。having been told表示完成时态的被动，这里并不涉及完成。 14.I am afraid that you have to alter your ______ views in light of the tragic news that has just arrived.
（分数：1.00） A.indifferent B.distressing C.optimistic √ D.pessimistic
解析：optimistic乐观(主义)的。indifferent冷漠的，不关心的。distressing使人痛苦的。pessimistic悲观(主义)的。
15.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.
（分数：1.00） A.is to be √ B.can be C.will be D.has been
解析：is to be表示应该，必须。
16.Stop shouting! I can't hear the football ______.
（分数：1.00） A.judgment B.interpretation C.commentary √ D.explanation
解析：commentary实况报道，解说词。judgment评价；审判。interpretation解释，说明。explanation说明，阐述。
17.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______, it comes to classroom tests.
（分数：1.00） A.before B.as C.since D.when √
解析：when it comes to固定搭配：谈到，涉及到。
18.Every member of society has to make a ______ to struggle for the freedom of the country.
（分数：1.00） A.pledge B.warranty C.resolve √ D.guarantee
解析：resolve决心，决意。pledge保证，誓言。warranty担保书，证书。guarantee保证，保证书。 19.David tends to feel useless and unwanted in a society that gives so much ______ to those who compete well.
（分数：1.00） A.prestige B.regime
C.superiority √ D.legislation
解析：superiority优越(性)，优等。prestige威信，威望。regime政治制度，政权。legislation法律(规)；立法。
20.The terrorists might have planted a bomb on a plane in Athens, set to ______ when it arrived in New York.
（分数：1.00） A.go off √ B.get off C.come off D.carry off
解析：go off爆炸，开火。get off(从…)下来；出发。come off脱落，分开；结果，表现。carry off拿走，夺走。
21.The younger person's attraction to stereos cannot be explained only ______ familiarity with technology.
（分数：1.00） A.in quest of B.by means of C.in terms of √ D.by virtue of
解析：in terms of按照，从…方面来说。in quest of为了探索…。by means of用，依靠。by virtue of借助，由于。
22.By signing the lease we made a ______ to pay a rent of $150 a week.
（分数：1.00） A.conception B.commission C.commitment √ D.confinement
解析：commitment承诺，保证。conception概念；构想。commission委员会；佣金；授权。confinement限制；监禁；分娩。
三、Section II Identify Stylistic Problems(总题数：8，分数：8.00)
23.By the time Julia Roberts was 23, she had won two academy award nominations, she had also become the world's most popular female actress.
（分数：1.00） A.run on
B.comma splice √ C.correct D.fragment 解析：
24.Since then, Roberts has appeared in fourteen films. Most recently, \"My Best Friend's Wedding\" and \"The Conspiracy Theory. \"
（分数：1.00） A.fragment √ B.choppy C.correct
D.comma splice 解析：
25.She didn't plan to become an actress. She wanted to be six feet tall. She wanted to be a veterinarian. She wanted to be happy and make others happy.
（分数：1.00） A.fragment B.comma splice C.choppy √ D.correct 解析：
26.Although Julia Roberts has had much professional success. In spite of her trouble with several failed relationships.
（分数：1.00） A.fragment B.choppy √ C.comma splice D.correct 解析：
27.Julia Roberts lives in Manhattan, not far from the apartment she once shared with her sister in Greenwich Village.
（分数：1.00） A.fragment B.comma splice C.correct √ D.run on 解析：
28.She came to New York when she was seventeen. Because her older sister lived there and she was influenced by her sister.
（分数：1.00） A.fragment √ B.run on C.choppy D.comma splice 解析：
29.Roberts was raised in Georgi
（分数：1.00）
A.Her parents ran a theater school there. Her sister and brother are also actors. The family was always short of money.A. fragmentB. choppyC. correctD. run on 解析：
30.When Julia was four years old, her parents divorced. After eighteen years of marriage.
（分数：1.00） A.fragment √ B.run on C.choppy D.correct 解析：
四、Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：40.00)
Passage 1
Many United States companies have, unfortunately, made the search for legal protection from import competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the United States international Trade Commission (ITC) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign governments. Another 340 charge that foreign companies \"dumped\" their products in the United States at \"less than fair value. \" Even when no unfair practices are alleged, the simple claim that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief. Contrary to the general impression, this quest for import relief has hurt more companies than it has helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and research relationships. The complexity of these relationships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company. Suppose a United States-owned company establishes an overseas plant to manufacture a product while its competitor makes the same product in the United States. If the competitor can prove injury from the imports—and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the United States company's products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties. Perhaps the most brazen ease occurred when the ITC investigated allegations that Canadian companies were injuring the United States salt industry by dumping rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with\" United States operations was crying for help against a United States company with foreign operations. The \"United States\" company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate, while the \"Canadian\" companies included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.
（分数：10.00）
(1).The passage is chiefly concerned with ______.（分数：2.00）
A.arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporations B.warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences √
C.demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms receive from the United States government
D.advocating the use of trade restrictions for \"dumped\" products but not for other imports 解析：文章首先说到许多美国公司正在对于进口竞争寻求法律保护，然后讲到由于受到全球化的影响，这种法律其实更多的保护了国外的进口企业，而非国内企业。由此可见，the application of laws has unintended consequences。
(2).It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the international Trade Commission is which of the following?（分数：2.00）
A.A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.
B.A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.
C.A foreign competitor selling products in the United States at less than fair market value. D.The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States. √
解析：从文章第一段第二句可知A项是抱怨的其中一个根据，第三句可知C也是其中一个原因，文章第二段集中说明国内公司申请法律保护却受到进口的严重影响，这是抱怨的最主要的原因，所以D正确，而文章并没有提到大量提高进口产品的数量。
(3).The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?（分数：2.00） A.It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research. B.It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.
C.It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph. √
D.It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier.
解析：第二段讲由于全球化的影响，很多国内公司不能受到相关法律的保护，在进口公司面前失去竞争力。最后一段便举出特定的例子证实这一观点。
(4).The passage warns of which of the following dangers?（分数：2.00）
A.Companies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.
B.Companies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.
C.Companies that are United States owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate. D.Companies that are not United States owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws. √
解析：从第二段第一句话以及“Internationalization increases the danger that foreign companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to protect.”可知，D为正确选项。
(5).According to the passage, the International Trade Commission is involved in which of the following?（分数：2.00）
A.Investigating allegations of unfair import competition √
B.Granting subsidies to companies in the United States that have been injured by import competition
C.Recommending legislation to ensure fair trade
D.Identifying international corporations that wish to build plants in the United States 解析：文章最后一段提到investigated allegations。B项Granting subsidies市政府的工作。C、D项在文章中没有提到。
Passage 2
Since the late 1970's in the face of a severe loss of market share in dozens of industries, manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity—and therefore enhance their international competitiveness—through cost-cutting programs. (Cost-cutting here is defined as raising labor output while holding the amount of labor constant.) However, from 1978 through 1982, productivity—the value of goods manufactured divided by the amount of labor input—did not improve; and while the results were better in the business upturn of the three years following, they ran 25 percent lower than productivity improvements during earlier, post-1945 upturns. At the same time, it became clear that the harder manufactures worked to implement cost-cutting, the more they lost their competitive edge.
With this paradox in mind, I recently visited 25 companies; it became clear to me that the
cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed. Manufacturing regularly observes a \"40, 40, 20\" rule. Roughly 40 percent of any manufacturing-based competitive advantage derives from long-term changes in manufacturing structure (decisions about the number, size, location, and capacity of facilities) and in approaches to materials. Another 40 percent comes from major changes in equipment and process technology. The final 20 percent rests on implementing conventional cost-cutting. This rule does not imply that cost-cutting should not be tried. The well-known tools of this approach—including simplifying jobs and retraining employees to work smarter, not harder—do produce results. But the tools quickly reach the limits of what they can contribute.
Another problem is that the cost-cutting approach hinders innovation and discourages creative people. As Abernathy's study of automobile manufacturers has shown, an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-cutting techniques, reducing its ability to develop new products. And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured. Production managers have always seen their job as one of minimizing costs and maximizing output. This dimension of performance has until recently sufficed as a basis of evaluation, but it has created a penny-pinching, mechanistic culture in most factories that has kept away creative managers.
Every company I know that has freed itself from the paradox has done so, in part, by developing and implementing a manufacturing strategy. Such a strategy focuses on the manufacturing structure and on equipment and process technology. In one company a manufacturing strategy that allowed different areas of the factory to specialize in different markets replaced the conventional cost-cutting approach; within three years the company regained its competitive advantage. Together with such strategies, successful companies are also encouraging managers to focus on a wider set of objectives besides cutting costs. There is hope for manufacturing, but it dearly rests oil a different way of managing.
（分数：10.00）
(1).The author of the passage is primarily concerned with ______.（分数：2.00） A.summarizing a thesis
B.recommending a different approach √ C.comparing points of view D.making a series of predictions
解析：“cost-cutting approach to increasing productivity is fundamentally flawed. Manufacturing regularly observes a” 40，40，20“rule.”由此句可知，cost-cutting已经不是提高生产力的好方法，而是要通过40，40，20“rule”来提高生产力，所以作者是在recommending a different approach。 (2).It can be inferred from the passage that the manufacturers mentioned in paragraph 1 expected that the measures they implemented would ______.（分数：2.00） A.encourage innovation B.keep labor output constant
C.increase their competitive advantage √
D.permit business upturns to be more easily predicted
解析：由“manufacturers in the United States have been trying to improve productivity-and therefore enhance their international competitiveness-through cost-cutting programs”可知，C为正确选项。第三段提到，cost cutting并不能encourage innovation，所以A错误。B项是对cost cutting的解释。
(3).The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to ______.（分数：2.00） A.present a historical context for the author's observations √ B.anticipate challenges to the prescriptions that follow
C.clarify some disputed definitions of economic terms D.summarize a number of long—accepted explanations
解析：第一段是通过提供历史数据说明cost-cutting并不能improve productivity，所以A为正确选项。 (4).The author refers to Abernathy's study most probably in order to ______.（分数：2.00） A.qualify an observation about one rule governing manufacturing
B.address possible objections to a recommendation about improving manufacturing competitiveness
C.support an earlier assertion about method of increasing productivity √
D.suggest the centrality in the Unit States economy of a particular manufacturing industry 解析：“As Abernathy's study of automobile manufacturers has shown，an industry can easily become prisoner of its own investments in cost-cutting techniques，reducing its ability to develop new products.”提到Abernathy的研究主要是否定cost-cutting，从而肯定新方法对于提高生产力的帮助。 (5).The author's attitude toward the culture in most factories is best described as ______.（分数：2.00） A.cautious B.critical C.disinterested D.respectful √
解析：从文章最后一段可知，作者提到了各个公司对于提高生产力的不同方法，可以看出是respectful的态度。
Passage 3
It can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction with marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim advertising at only the likely buyers of a given product. There are three groups of consumers who are affected by the marketing process. First, there is the market segment—people who need the commodity in question. Second, there is the program target—people in the market segment with the \"best fit\" characteristics for a specific product. Lots of people may need trousers, but only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers. Finally, there is the program audience-all people who are actually exposed to the marketing program without regard to whether they need or want the product.
These three groups are rarely identical. An exception occurs in cases where customers for a particular industrial product may be few and easily identifiable. Such customers, all sharing a particular need, are likely to form a meaningful target, for example, all companies with a particular application of the product in question, such as high-speed fillers of bottles at breweries. In such circumstances, direct selling (marketing that reaches only the program target) is likely to be economically justified, and highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program target—and only members of the program target—to the marketing program. Most consumer-goods markets are significantly different. Typically, there are many rather than few potential customers. Each represents a relatively small percentage of potential sales. Rarely do members of a particular market segment group themselves neatly into a meaningful program target. There are substantial differences among consumers with similar demographic characteristics. Even with all the past decade's advances in information technology, direct selling of consumer goods is rare, and mass marketing—a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience—remains the only economically feasible mode. Unfortunately, there are few media that allow the marketer to direct a marketing program exclusively to the program target. Inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of marketing for products in which they have no interest and so they become annoyed.
（分数：10.00）
(1).The passage suggests which of the following about highly specialized trade media?（分数：2.00）
A.They should be used only when direct selling is not economically feasible.
B.They can be used to exclude from the program audience people who are not part of the program target. √
C.They are used only for very expensive products.
D.They are rarely used in the implementation of marketing programs for industrial products. 解析：由文章第二段，...highly specialized trade media exist to expose members of the program target…可知，高度特定化的媒体是针对有购买意向的特定人群的。故选B。
(2).The passage suggests which of the following about direct selling?（分数：2.00） A.It is used in the marketing of most industrial products.
B.It is often used in cases where there is a large program target. √ C.It is not economically feasible for most marketing programs.
D.It is used only for products for which there are many potential customers.
解析：由“marketing that reaches only the program target”得知直销是针对“program target”。 (3).The author mentions \"trousers\" in paragraph 1 most likely in order to ______.（分数：2.00） A.make a comparison between the program target and tile program audience B.emphasize the similarities between the market segment and the program target
C.provide an example of the way three groups of consumers are affected by a marketing program D.clarify the distinction between the market segment and the program target √
解析：“Lots of people may need trousers，”指的是“market segment”；“a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive designer trousers.”指的是“program target”。 (4).\"the product in question\" in Line 4 Paragraph 2 means ______（分数：2.00） A.\"the product in the previous question\" B.\"the product under discussion\" √ C.\"the product on sale\" D.\"the product in doubt\"
解析：“in question”意思是“考虑之中的；被谈论着的”。
(5).It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true for most consumer-goods markets ?（分数：2.00）
A.The program target and the program audience are not usually identical. √ B.The program audience and the market segment are usually identical. C.The market segment and the program target are usually identical. D.The program target is larger than the market segment.
解析：由“mass marketing-a marketing approach that aims at a wide audience…marketing program exclusively to the program target.”得知消费品并不能实现只出售给计划目标，许多人都会受到他们并不感兴趣的产品营销的打扰。
Passage 4
Choose the best from the following sentences marked A to E to complete the article below.
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. (16) . A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. (17) In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. (18) Each large firm will thus avoid
significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not. Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United states. These economies employ intentional price-fixin9, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are common-place. (19) , the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have.
Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970's, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system (20) ; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.
A. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers
B. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market
C. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise little influence than are capitalist firms
D. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both \"normal\" and having a valuable economic function E. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing-O.
（分数：10.00）
填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：D）
解析：第17空后边一句提到了“price-fixing”，可知前文必定先提及。D给出了“price fixing”的解析，第一次向读者介绍其含义，故选D项。 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：E）
解析：文章开头提出两个概念“free market”“price-fixing”，接下来整篇是对两者对于经济发展的作用进行比较。因此，该句起提纲挈领的作用，故选E项。 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：A）
解析：由“That each large firm will act with consideration of”，和“will also act with full consideration of”可知两者为递进关系，从而得出答案为A。“每个大公司也会仔细考虑与他们争夺相同顾客的其他大公司有哪些共同需求”。 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：B）
解析：由“the first”“the second”推出上文必定有两个并列项。联系上下文意选B。“因此，似乎没有好的或正常的，不符合自由市场的要求。” 填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：C）
解析：该段首次提到“soviet”，而且最后一句提到苏联的公司被给予了调控价格的权力，与C衔接。美国的经济学家都在庆贺转向自由市场。但苏联企业却不再受到自由市场的限制。与美国公司相比，苏联企业对自由市场的影响微乎其微。
五、Part Ⅲ Writing(总题数：1，分数：30.00)
31.
（分数：30.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(
Maslow's hierarchy of human needs
The famous humanistic psychologist Maslow developed the theory of the Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, which proposed that there are five levels of human needs that are arranged in a hierarchical order as shown above in the triangle.
Firstly, there are biological needs, which include needs for breathing, food, water and money. All these needs are inseparable from one's life, because if one is deprived of any of these physiological needs, he cannot survive, let alone make a happy living.
Next, there are psychological needs which can be satisfied from other people or a group. People need love, affection both from and to their family and friends. Besides, they also need to have a sense of belonging. In a team, people can seek encouragement and motivation from each other and thus have the power to go on until they achieve success.
Last but not least, there are needs for self-esteem and sell-actualization. When the basic needs are realized, the requirements for high reputation and respect from others become dominant. One expects to be recognized and valued by the society in which he lives. That is why there are so many people working hard so as to climb up to the top of the social ladder in our daily life. The self-actualization is the most holy one, which means that a person needs to do what he was born to. They do these kinds of things not to make a living, but to realize his goal of life. Without doing work, their life would become meaningless and colorless.
To sum up, the theory of Maslow's hierarchy of human needs tells us not only what we human needs, but also that only the needs in the lower levels are satisfied, will people have the desire for the satisfaction of needs in the higher levels. Therefore, his theory serves as guidance for our daily life.) 解析：
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