1.翻译下列句子，注意斜体部分的表达并说明翻译的特点 1) We refused to take the advice and failed. 【译文】我们没有听劝告，结果失败了。 2) They are all of an age.
【译文】他们的岁数都相同。 3) I was shanghaied in Shanghai. 【译文】我在上海受骗了。 4) Don’t ride the high horse. 【译文】不要趾高气扬。
5) The teacher is popular with his students.（主动形式，被动意义） 【译文】这位老师很受学生的欢迎。 6) He had a fast life, drinking and gambling.
【译文】他过着放荡的生活，又酗酒又赌博。 7) Man has to fight his way through life on earth! 【译文】人生在世，要奋斗不息。
8) He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldn’t act the goat so much. 【译文】只要他不恶作剧，就是个讨人喜欢的小伙子。 9) John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game. 译文】约翰为人可靠，诚实又正直。
10) Nehru had evidently come to think of their country as the equal of China, or even her superior. 【译文】尼赫鲁显然认为他们的国家应该同中国平起平坐，甚至要高出中国一头。 11) It will soon rain itself out and then we can have our walk. 【译文】雨快停了，我们就能去散步。 12) She was eighteen and beautiful. 【译文】她年方18，天生丽质。
13) There are some beautiful Chinese girls in the picture. 【译文】画中是几个中国美女。（图上是几个漂亮的中国女子。） 14) He was a good father, within his limitations.
【译文】他是个好父亲，虽然也有这样那样的缺点。
15) “Look at that old lady, she’s doing everything wrong.” 【译文】“看看那位老太太，她那个样子最容易出问题。” 1．翻译下列段落
In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone call made after 11 :00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it’s a mater of life and death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance. 【译文】在美国，人们通常不在清早打电话给别人。如果你在早晨别人刮脸或吃早餐的时候打电话来，那就意味着你有非常重要而紧急的事请。晚上11点之后打来电话也一样。人们在睡觉的时间接到电话时就会以为发生了生死攸关的事。打电话所选择的时间表示事情的重要程度。
第三章 英汉语言对比
课堂互动1翻译句子，注意语序和语态
1．I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile.
【译文】我想，如果一个人思路不清，写起文章来也会杂乱无章；如果他性情多变、喜怒无常，他的文章也会充满奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强的自我约束力，他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。 3．They often do not realize that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.
【译文】他们通常没意识到在很多国家，行行色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家，这已成为人们几百年来的生活方式。
课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意词义的选择（参考译文） 3．He is not so ill but he can come to school. 【译文】他还不至于病得不能上学。 4．She is at home in English. 【译文】他英语很棒。
5．He and he alone could control the situation. 【译文】他，只有他，才能控制局面。 6．It is raining cats and dogs outside. 【译文】外面下着倾盆大雨。 7．It is not half bad for a beginner.
【译文】就新手而言，这是相当不错的了。 8. Don’t make light of their design. 【译文】别轻视他们的方案。 9．He is a foreign-language student. 【译文】他是学外语的学生。
10．I came to the university this day 25 years ago. 【译文】二十五年前的今天，我来到这所大学。 11．We’ll be there this time next month.
【译文】下个月的这个时候，我们将到那儿。 12．I’m something of a carpenter. 【译文】我能作些木工活。
13．Xiao Gao is anything of a gentleman. 【译文】小高有点儿君子的风度。 14．He is nothing of a musician. 【译文】他全无音乐家的风范。
15．We sang the old year out and the New Year in. 【译文】我们以歌声辞旧迎新。
课堂互动3： 翻译句子，注意句子的结构转换（参考译文） 1．That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
【译文】那是个是非之地，大家都看得出来。
2．I closed my eyes and said a prayer of thanks before putting the car in gear and returning to the highway.
【译文】我合上双目，感谢上苍，然后挂挡上路。 7．He accomplished this by getting rid of the irons with which his wrists and ankles were shackled, cutting through a double grille of oak and iron bars, descending twenty-five feet by a knotted sheet and blanket, and climbing a twenty-two-foot wall.（按照空间顺序）
【译文】他砸开了手铐脚镣，弄断了双层的橡木栅栏和铁条，用系在一起的床单和毯子从25英尺高处跳下，爬过了22英尺的高墙，终于逃了出来。
第五章词义的处理
课堂互动2：翻译下列句子, 注意词性和词义搭配（参考译文）
1. Just as exercise strengthens the heart and lungs, bones and muscles, it may also power up the brain. 【译文】运动不但能强心、健肺、壮骨、筋肌，而且还能健脑。 2. We shall never see his match.
【译文】他那样的人恐怕不会有第二个了。 3. The vote was 35 to 25, a margin of 10.
【译文】表决的结果是35票对25票，相差10票。 4. The report is thoroughly sourced. 【译文】这项报告的来源很完备。
5. This hotel can’t be matched for friendliness. 【译文】这家旅馆服务态度之好无与伦比。 6. She was rather advanced in years for a maiden.
【译文】在没有结婚的女孩子中，她年龄算是相当大了。 7. Every one of us poured forth his expertise.
【译文】我们每个人都充分发挥了自己的专长。 8. I’ll not abuse your hospitality.
【译文】我不会辜负你的热情厚谊。
9. I long for you terribly. The moment we say good-bye and I close the door, my torment begins. 【译文】我想你想得要命，我们一分手，关上门，我心里便觉得煎熬。
10. Our arguments were often brought before our father, and I guess I was either generally in the right, or else a better debater, because the judgment was usually in my favor.
【译文】我们往往争到父亲那里去。我想，或者是我总有理，或者我善于抓理，因为评起来通常是我有理。
课堂互动3： 翻译下列句子,注意词汇的基本意义、衍生意义、搭配意义（参考译文） 1) The sales of the book went deeply into the millions. 【译文】那本书销售达好几百万册。 2) He is four going on five.
【译文】他（四岁）快五岁了。 3) A pound does not go far these days.
【译文】目前一英镑买不到多少东西了。 4) I’ll give you £50, but I can't go any further. 【译文】我可以给你50英镑，但不能再多了。 5) This will go a long way toward world peace.
【译文】这对世界和平将起很大作用。
6) A fine appearance and comfort do not usually go together. 【译文】中看并不一定中用。
7) She has the qualities which go to the making of a good teacher. 【译文】她具有一个优秀教师所必需的素质。
8) A foreign language will go far towards widening our mental horizon. 【译文】外语会大大帮助我们开阔思想境界。 9) What he says goes. 【译文】他说了算数。
10) He made a promise and then went back on it. 【译文】他许下了诺言，但没有践行。
课堂互动4: 翻译下列句子,注意词义的近似、深化、升华（参考译文） 1．How they bow to that Creole because of her hundred thousand pounds!
【译文】瞧她们对那个克里奥尔奉承讨好的样儿，还不是看她有成千上万的财产吗！（深化） 2．The custom had its spring in another country. 【译文】这种风俗起源于别的国家。（近似）
3．David is swollen in everything, in body and in mind.
【译文】大卫真是虚有其表，身体虚胖，头脑空空如也。（近似）
4．The high-ceilinged room, the little balconies, alcoves, nooks and angles all suggest sanctuary, escape, creature comfort.
【译文】天花板高高的房间，小巧的楼厅，四进的斗室，僻静的角落，这一切都使人联想到静谧的圣殿、遁世避俗的处所和舒适的享受。（深化）
5．…and she held honour—a cheque for twenty thousand pounds with his signature —quite firmly in her hands.
【译文】她把她的战利品——一张他签字的两万英镑的支票——紧紧地攥在手中。（升华） 课堂互动5: 翻译句子, 注意具体词义抽象化和抽象词义具体化（参考译文） 1．The newspaper claims to be the mirror of the public opinion. 【译文】该报宣称忠实反映了公众的意见。
2．Application of laser in medicine is still in its infancy. 【译文】激光在医学中的应用仍处于发展的初期。
3．But no one forces you to go to sea. It gets in your blood. 【译文】但是谁也没有强迫你出海，是你心甘情愿嘛。
4．She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions, but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 【译文】她确实是一个动情的姑娘，不过我不是一个让感情支配理智的人。
5．As far as the head goes, at least, she does credit to the educational system pursued at my establishment. 【译文】不说别的，就智力才能而论，她确实能为本校所遵循的教育制度争光。 6．He gave up the sword for the plough. 【译文】他解甲归田了。
7．Behind him I see the long grey rollers of the Atlantic at work. 【译文】在他的身后，我看见大西洋上的灰色巨浪，汹涌起伏。
8．But, if public dissatisfaction continues to grow, or appears to do so, politicians may conclude that they have to do something, usually in the name of reform.
【译文】但是，如果公众的不满情绪继续上升，或者似乎将要上升， 政客们可能就会得出结论，认为必须采取行动，而且这种行动通常以改革为名。
9．A mixture of fear of the unknown and fear of disenchantment was tormenting her. 【译文】一种对陌生人的恐惧和唯恐美好想象破灭的混合感情折磨着她。
10．But it is best not to be intimate with gentlemen of this profession, and to take the calculations at second-hand, as you do logarithms, for to work them yourself, depend upon it, will cost you something considerable. (W. Thackeray: Vanity Fair)
【译文】不过我劝你少和靠这一行吃饭的家伙来往，你需要资料的话，完全可以间接打听，就像你运用现成的对数表似的就行了。信我的话，倘若自己调查的话，得花不少钱呢。 课堂互动6： 翻译下列句子, 注意原文的语言风格（参考译文）
1．How do we account for this split between the critics and the readers, the head and the heart? 【译文】评论家和读者之间，也就是理智和感情之间的这种分歧如何解释呢？
2．He has a very satirical eye. And if I do not begin by being impertinent myself, I shall soon grow afraid of him. (Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice)
【译文】他挖苦人的本领特别高明,要是我不先给他点厉害,我就会马上怕他呢。
3．It is easy to think to oneself that one’s emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one’s mind more keen.
【译文】人们往往对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。 4．They exhibited neither their glory nor superiority.
【译文】他们既未能争得光彩，也没有显出自己高人一等。 5．A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breasts. 【译文】千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。
6．There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the terrorists. 【译文】恐怖主义分子的性格是既残暴又狡猾。
7．During the war, he was an embryo surgeon, and joined the mobile medical team. 【译文】在战争期间，他是一个初出茅庐的外科医生，参加了巡回医疗队。 8．Honesty pays itself.
【译文】诚实的人从来不会吃亏。 9．“You don’t look like a magician.” “What do I look like?” “A musician.”
“I did saw away at a fiddle once.”
“You did? Well, what’s the difference what you do so long as you make, you know what.” And she rubbed her thumb in her palm.
【译文】 “你看上去不像一个魔术师。” “我看上去像什么？” “像个乐师。”
“我从前拉过小提琴。”
“拉过吗？其实，不论干啥还不是一样，只要能弄到——这 个。”她用大拇指在手心搓了搓。
10. In a surprising display of accessibility, Beijing's top leaders have been meeting with almost every American visitor, right down to the lowliest junior congressional representative in town.
【译文】令人惊奇的是，北京的高层领导人表现得如此平易近人，他们几乎会见每位来访的美国人，其中包括来自小镇、资历不深的基层国会代表。
课堂互动7： 翻译下列句子, 注意比喻与典故（参考译文） 1．Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.
【译文】不可过早乐观。
2．I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse. 【译文】我不知道他是不是一个内奸。
3．Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market. 【译文】昨天晚上我听见他鼾声如雷。
4．He speaks as if there were a frog in his throat. 【译文】她说话声音沙哑。
5．Andrea thought her mother’s ideas about dating were old hat. 【译文】安德利亚认为母亲对交男朋友的看法有点老土。 课堂互动8： 翻译下列句子, 注意褒义译法（参考译文）
1．Common sense and good nature will do a lot to make the pilgrimage of life not too difficult to a light woman.
【译文】洞达世情和心底忠厚对于一个风尘中人来说，常会使她的人生历程比较顺利。
2．The sea adds something to the appearance of Qingdao. 【译文】大海给青岛海滨增添了几分美色。
3．You’re the only girl I’ve ever seen that actually did look like something blooming. 【译文】在我所见过的姑娘中，惟有你看上去确像鲜花一样。 4．The boys went back to camp, a good deal awed, but they found there was still something to be thankful for, because the great sycamore, the shelter of their beds, was a ruin now, blasted by the lightnings and they were not under it when the catastrophe happened.
（Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer）
【译文】孩子们回到露营地,依然惊魂未定；然而他们还是发现有一件令人庆幸的事情，因为庇护他们的宿地的那棵大树遭了雷劈，现在已经完全毁了，而灾难发生时，他们幸好不在树下。
5．If you are a man，you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.
【译文】如果你是男子，你会说大多数诗人和科学家都是男性；如果你是妇女，你可以反驳说，大多数罪犯也都是男的。
课堂互动9 ： 翻译下列句子, 注意贬义译法（参考译文） 1．There is safety in numbers. 【译文】人多保险。
2．When he tossed a much-ballyhooed party in Persepolis three years age to celebrate Persia’s 2500th anniversary, he invited virtually everybody who was anybody — but mostly nobodies showed up.
【译文】三年前，在珀塞波利斯举行大肆宣扬的盛大典礼庆祝波斯建国2500年的时候,他几乎邀请了世界所有的有名人士，但真正出席者却大多是些无名之辈。
3. Rip was, moreover, a kind neighbour, and an obedient hen-packed husband. 【译文】瑞普这个人是个好邻居,可天生怕老婆。
4.Call me what instrument you will, though you can fret me, yet you cannot play upon me. 【译文】无论你把我叫做什么乐器，你也只能撩逗我，不能玩弄我。
5.When I first knew you, I tingled. I would have washed your feet and drunk the bathwater. But when I knew you better, I told myself, Zeftel, it’s a waste—all this trembling.
【译文】我头一回见你便动了心，我愿给你洗脚，甚至喝你的洗脚水。但了解你之后，我便对自己说：
“泽弗特尔，白费劲——别那么神魂颠倒了。” 综合练习及参考译文
1．翻译下列句子，注意词义选择
1）The house is over against the university. 【译文】那幢房子就在学校的对面。
2）We’re up against all sorts of difficulties. 【译文】我遇到了种种困难。
3）The huge waves hurling themselves against the rock broke into clouds of spray. 【译文】猛击着岩石的巨浪碎成一簇簇的水花。
4）The factory has produced 85,000 tons of sugar this year, as against the 60, 000 tons of last year. 【译文】这个厂今年生产了85,000吨糖，而去年只生产了60,000吨。（形成“对照”） 5）He saves money against the rainy day. 【译文】他存钱以备不时之用。 6）Charge it against my account.
【译文】请把这笔钱记在我的账上。
7）She drew a check against her bank balance.
【译文】她开了一张支票提取银行存款的余额。 8）We must not cross the street against the light. 【译文】我们不能不顾交通信号灯就横穿马路。 9）His appearance is against him. 【译文】他的外表对他不利。
10）He was helpless against such forces. 【译文】在这种暴力面前，他感到无助。
2．翻译下列句子，注意词义引申 1) He can mature alcohol electrically. 【译文】他很快能把酒酿成。 2) He had his ups and downs. 【译文】他一生多坎坷艰辛。
3) And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there. 【译文】我有一种不安的感觉,他的话不无道理。 4) He was watching me or something for an hour or two. 【译文】有一，两个小时,他大概一直留神看我。 5) Theory is something but practice is everything. 【译文】理论固然重要，实践更为重要。
6) In learning English, grammar is not everything. 【译文】学英语，光学语法是不行的。
8) Is Jane a possibility as a wife for Richard? (=a suitable person) 【译文】简是做理查德妻子的合适人选吗？ 9) I was not one to let my heart rule my head. 【译文】我不是那种让感情支配理智的人。
10) She didn’t think of that the beautiful umbrella bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in her family. Because of this she and her husband quarreled for a long time.
【译文】她没有料到前一天买的那把漂亮的雨伞竟成了祸端，她和丈夫为此吵了很久。
3．翻译下列句子，注意词义褒贬 1）There is something behind, I think. 【译文】我看这里面有文章(名堂)。(贬) 2) They are nameless nothing.
【译文】他们是些无名之辈。(贬) 3) He is really something!
【译文】他真是个了不起的人!(褒) 4) She is as fair as Helen.
【译文】她是个绝世美人。(褒)
5) They predicted the youth would have a bright future. 【译文】他们说，这个年轻人会有一个锦绣前程。(褒)
6) The adoption of the new policies will surely lead to some striking results. 【译文】采取各项新的政策必将带来一些显著成果。(褒)
7) The enemy killed one of our comrades, and we killed an enemy agent. 【译文】敌人杀害了我们一位同志，(褒)我们宰了一个特务。(贬) 8) There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures. 【译文】若不是采取了断然措施，那定会引起更痛苦的后果。(贬)
9) Mr Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture. 【译文】布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请，感到非常荣幸。(褒) 10) He thinks himself to be something, but actually he is nothing.
【译文】他自认为是个了不起的人，(褒)但实际上他是个小人物。(贬) 4. 短文翻译
About ten o’clock on the following morning, seedy and hungry, I was dragging myself along Portland Place, when a child that was passing, towed by a nurse-maid, tossed a luscious big pear—minus one bite —into the gutter. I stopped of course, and fastened my desiring eye on that muddy treasure. My mouth watered for it, my stomach craved it, my whole being begged for it.
【译文】第二天上午大约十点钟，我饿着肚子，狼狈不堪，正在波特兰路拖着脚步行走时，刚好有一个小孩子由保姆牵手走过，把一只美味的大梨扔到阴沟里——只咬过一口。不消说，我站住了，贪婪地盯着那个泥污了的宝贝。我垂涎欲滴，肚子咕咕直叫，全身心地在乞求它。
But every time I made a move to get it, some passing eye detected my purpose, and of course I straightened up then, and looked indifferent, and pretended that I hadn’t been thinking about the pear at all. This same thing kept happening and happening, and I couldn’t get the pear. I was just getting desperate enough to brave all the shame, and to seize it, when a window behind me ws raised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying: “Step in here, please.” (Mark Twain: The ₤1,000,000 Bank-note) 【译文】可是我每次刚一动手想去取它，老是有过路人看出了我的企图，当然我就只好再把身子立直， 显出若无其事的样子，假装根本就没有想到过那只梨。这情形老是一遍又一遍的重复，我始终无法把那只梨弄到手。后来我简直给搞得无可奈何，真想不顾一切体面，硬着头皮去拿它的时候，忽然我身后有一扇窗户打开了，一位先生从里面喊道：“请进来吧。”
具体译法（单词、词组、成语）语义上具体化
Transportation 运输—运输工具 Advertisement 广告--广告资料 Translation
翻译—翻译资料 Family
家庭—家庭成员 Class
班级—全班同学 Committee
委员会—委员会成员 Press
出版—出版物；报纸；杂志；出版社 Retirement
退休—退休处；幽静地方；偏僻地方 Very timid
非常胆小—胆小如鼠 Very strong
非常强壮—状得像头牛 Keep quiet
不吱声—噤若寒蝉 Do evil things openly
豪不隐蔽地干坏事—明火执仗 具体译法（句子）
抽象名词后面加范畴词 We should by no means neglect the evaporation of water. 我们决不能忽视水的蒸发作用。
No one is satisfied with his favoritism in his work. 对他在工作中表现的徇私作风谁都感到不满意。
More and more people have realized the necessity of learning computer. 越来越多的人认识到了学习计算机的必要性。 His arrogance sent him into isolation and helplessness. 他的傲慢态度使他孤立无援。
Her jealousy is the cause of her failure. 她的妒忌心理是她失败的根源。
Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall. 她的冷漠态度把许多参观者挡在展览馆门外。
The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area. 政府正在竭尽全力来缓和那个地区的紧张局势。 There had been too much violence in that region. 那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。
抽象译法（单词、词组、成语） Lick sb’s boots 巴结
Keep sth. under one’s hat 保密 be in irons 被监禁 Break the ice破冰
Turn thumbs down on sth
I was practically on my knees but he still refused. 我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他仍然拒绝。
He is a rolling stone, I don’t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人， 我想他不会有多大出息。 I must bare my heart to someone, or I shall go mad! 我一定要向人讲真心话，否则我会发疯的。 The society held its meeting behind closed doors. 这个社团秘密开会。
He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together. 他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。
增词译法
I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.
原来我以为这不过是一种亲热地表示，但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。 增 时间状语
Earl and I decided to walk our dog. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the waters. 我和厄尔决定把狗带出去溜溜，不知不觉朝公园走去。公园就在小桥那边，桥下很深的地方，汹涌的洛杉矶河水滚滚流过。现在回想起来，就仿佛是一场梦，当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天，许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍。 增加主语和时间状语
After the football match, he’s got an important meeting. 在观看足球比赛之后，他有一个重要的会议去参加。 增 动词
He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。 增动词
Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes and the nature of particular faults to predict quakes directly.( the economist) 最理想的情况是，有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因及具体断层的性质有足够的了解，从而能够直接预报地震。 增加修饰语
The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock
raisers for screw-worms.
库拉索岛上的实验取得的巨大成功引起了佛洛里达州牲畜饲养者的兴趣，他们也想以同样的办法消除旋丽蝇幼虫这一祸害。 增加定语
Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.( Helen Adams Keller: The story of My life)
后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我面前，就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的帐开了花”一样。 增加定语
This great scientist was born in New England.
这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。 增加定语 省词译法
He is not well today, but he still comes to class. 他今天身体不适，但（他）还是来上课了。
If I learn to drive a motorcycle, I will certainly buy a new one. 我要是学摩托车的话，（我）就一定去买一辆新的。 He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs. 在（我们的）背后说我们好话的人，才是一个好的朋友。 In September 1939, the Second World War broke out. （在）1939年9月，第二次世界大战爆发。
One hundred thousand citizens in Hiroshima of Japan were killed by the first atomic bomb in the world.
（在）日本广岛有10万市民被人类第一颗原子弹夺取生命。 合词译法
You'll supply financial power, and we'll supply manpower. Isn't that fair and square? 你们出钱，我们出人，这难道还不公平吗？
In our workshop there is a hard and fast rule against smoking. 我们车间有严格的规定，不许吸烟。（我们车间严禁吸烟.) He is dead and gone. 他的确死了。
（后面的部分在另外一张纸上）
转性译法
I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。
（原文中以for引导的的介词词组在译文中被处理成连接词“因为”，定语his转译成了主语“他”，定语continuous转译成了状语“不断地”，名词encouragement转译成了动词“鼓励”，定语during my childhood转译成了状语“在我小时候”。 换形译法
You think she will come if it is fine tomorrow. But I don’t think so. 你认为明天天好，她就会来，我觉得她不会来。（我不认为是这样。）
You say he works hard; so he does. 你说他很努力，对，他确实很努力。 （他确实是这样。）
The bandits robbed him of his ox, but it was his only family property. 土匪抢走了他的水牛，可那水牛是他唯一的家产啊。（……可它是他唯一的家产啊。） The whole project was completed in a quarter of a year. 整个工程在三个月内就完成了。
（整个工程在四分之一年内就完成了。） It took them two decades to do the job. 这项工作花去了他们二十年时间。 （这项工作花去了他们两个十年。）
He was in New York in the first ten days of March. 三月上旬，他在纽约。 （三月的前十天）
A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured into the airport during that five minutes. 那5分钟内，有十八架飞机涌进了这个机场。 （那五分钟内，有一打半飞机涌进了这个机场。） He is over sixty years old.
他已年逾花甲。/他已年过六旬。 （他已经六十多岁。）
My mother is in her seventies.
我母亲已步入古稀之年。/我母亲已年过古稀。 （我母亲已经七十多岁。） He is well over forty years old. 他早过了不惑之年。（他早过了四十岁。）
褒贬译法
The boy is appreciated by all his teachers for his carefulness in his homework. 这个男孩因功课做的仔细认真而受到所有老师的赞赏。
In fact, it is his meticulousness that is preventing him from making any progress in his research work.
事实上，正是因为他的谨小慎微，他的研究工作得不到任何进展。 Her husband was a brave pilot during the Second World War. 她的丈夫是二战期间一位勇敢的飞行员。 The reckless driver died in the traffic accident. 那个莽撞的驾车人在这次车祸中丧生。
These boys are big enough to be self-respecting. 这些男孩大了，应该有自尊心了。
She is quite unpopular among her colleagues for she is so egotistic. 她在同事中间非常吃不开，因为她太自私自利了。 We need tough-minded soldiers in our army. 我们军队需要意志坚强的士兵。
He did not yield in the face of the ruthless enemies. 他在残忍的敌人面前没有屈服。
He is respected by his people for his foresightedness. 他由于富于远见而受到人民的尊重。
I always considered him calculating and mercenary and did my best to avoid him. 我一向认为他这个人工于心计又唯利是图，所以总是尽力设法避开他。= Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。
Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work. 他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。 The stubborn boy refused to listen to his parents’ advice. 这个倔男孩不肯听父母的忠告。
The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people . 侵略者遭到了当地人民顽强的抵抗。 She is fidgety and restless. 她生性急躁好动。
All the inventors have a restless mind.
所有的发明家都有一个探索不止的头脑。
As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 真幸运，发生爆炸时大楼里刚巧没有人。
As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. 真不凑巧，野餐那天下雨了。
The old couple made a persistent effort to search for their daughter lost in the war. 这对年老的夫妇执着地寻找着他们在战争中丢失的女儿。 She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone. 她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。 Funny
You’ll be sorry if you try anything funny in class. 你要是在课堂上玩什么鬼花样，肯定会后悔的。 She is a bit funny sometimes. 他有时候有点疯疯癫癫的。 Don’t get funny with your boss! 不得对老板放肆！
It’s always something that you are the owner of so many wonderful books. 想想你拥有这么多好书，你就会感到安慰。 He has a strong desire to be somebody. 他极想出人头地。
Everybody who was anybody in Labor politics turned up. 工党政治生活中的头面人物个个都到场了。
“She is my horse, my dog, my anything,” the male chauvinist husband said. “她是我的马，我的狗，反正是属于我的东西”， 那个大男子主义的丈夫说。 They are nameless nothing. 他们是无名之辈。
He is always saying the usual polite nothings. 他老是在说那些寻常的客套话。 I am a mere nobody.
我是个微不足道的无名小卒。
第六章 补充例句
词义与修辞
双关
例1：——Why do you say the river is rich? ——Because it has two banks. 【译文】——为什么说这条河很富有？ ——因为它有两家银行。（河岸） 例2：—— What flower does everybody have? —— Tulips.
【译文】—— 人人都有的花该是什么花？ —— 郁金香。
【解析】这是因为郁金香“tulip”的读音恰巧和人的双唇“two lips—tulips”的读音相似，此处正好借用这一发音巧妙造成双关。
例3：Once a pretty girl student came to the room for the interview. It was the first time that she had taken the exam. She was so excited and nervous during the interview that she left her bag on the desk. When she came back for it, my colleague, Mr. Smith, handed her the bag. “Thank you very much,” she said.
“ You are welcome,” Mr. Smith replied, smiling.
【译文】一天，有位漂亮的女学生走进考场。这是她第一次参加口试，在面试中太激动，太紧张了，临走时竞忘了拿包。当她再次回来取包时，我同事史密斯先生将包递给了她。 “谢谢你。”那女生说。 “欢迎你再来！” 史密斯先生笑着说。 【解析】“You are welcome”在这里有双重意思，一是“不客气，不用谢”，二是“欢迎下次再来”。女学生向史密斯先生表示感谢，是因为他给她递了包，而史密斯先生巧用“You are welcome”向学生表示客气，应译为“不客气”，这样才能和“谢谢你”一致，可译为“不客气”，反倒失去了考官之本意；同时向学生开了个玩笑“欢迎你再来”，让学生也这样理解，两个意思都存在，一语双关。由此可见，这种双关产生的幽默就体现在语境之中。 例4：Bruce hit something hard when eating a meat pie. He found that it was a piece of human nail. He felt annoyed and went to the owner of the snack bar.
“You really surprised me, sir,” he began. “ I found something foreign in the food,” Bruce complained.
“What?” the owner looked confused.” We’ve got nothing from other countries.
【译文】布鲁斯吃肉馅儿饼时，咬到一个硬的东西，一看是块人的指甲。他很气愤，马上来到快餐店店主面前。
“这太令人吃惊了，先生，” 他说，“我在你的馅儿饼里发现异物（something foreign），” 布鲁斯表示不满。
“什么？” 店主大惑不解地说，“ 我们店里没有外国货。” 【解析】“foreign”有两个意思，一个是“外国的”，一个是“异质的”，即不属于某个地方的，不应该在某个地方出现的。店主显然是按第一种意思把“something foreign”理解车成了“外国货”，而顾客指的是“异物”。这种用法在此出现，显得风趣幽默，滑稽可笑。
矛盾修辞
补充例句
例1：New York has the poorest millionaire, the littlest great man, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.
【译文】纽约城里有的是最贫穷的百万富翁，人格最渺小的伟人，最目空一切的草包，最难看的美女，最低级龌龊的摩天大楼和最令人悲哀的娱乐，比我所见到的任何城市都有过之而无不及。 例2：
“——That time is past,
And all its aching joys are now no more, And all its dizzy raptures.”
(Wordsworth: Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey) 【译文】“——快乐的时光已成过去，
这痛苦的喜悦，眩晕的狂欢 都不复存在。”
夸张
补充例句
例1：I am greater than the stars for I know that they are up there and they do not know that I am down here.
【译文】我比星星还伟大。因为我知道星星在天上，而星星却不知道我在地上。
【解析】用幽默夸张的手法，讽刺了“我”的无知和渺小，强调了“人贵有自知之明”的道理。
例2：Splendid cheeses they were, ripe and mellow, and with a two hundred horsepower scent about them that might have been warranted to carry three miles, and knock a man over at two hundred yards.
【译文】这些奶酪妙极了，酥软、香甜、四溢的香气足有两百马力那么强大，保证三英里以外都可以闻到，二百码远处站着的人，也会被它的香气熏醉冲倒。 【解析】这里运用了一连串夸张性的数字“a two hundred horsepower，three miles, two hundred yards”, 淋漓尽致地写出了奶酪香味之浓烈，有效地烘托了氛围，给人以身临其境之感。这种夸张用法常用以渲染气氛、烘托意境，给人留下深刻而鲜明的印象。
类比
补充例句
例1：The chess-board is the world, the pieces are the phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are what we call the laws of Nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is a1ways fair, just, and patient. But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance.
(Thomas Henry Huxley: A Liberal Education )
【译文】棋盘是世界，棋子是宇宙中的现象，下棋规则是我们称之为自然法则的东西。对弈的棋手躲避我们。我们知道他走棋公平、公正、有耐心。可是我们付出过代价才明白，他从不丝毫疏漏，也决不原谅无知。
例2：The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is... not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improved by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen they must fall on good
ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed. (Winston Churchill )
【译文】培养业余爱好和新的兴趣……非一朝一夕之功，也不单凭意志方可奏效。培养精神爱好是个漫长的过程。若要使它给人带来鲜果在需要之时能信手摘来，就必须细心选择种子，且播于沃土之中，并予以辛勤照料。
逻辑关系
补充例句
例1: A beautiful form is better than a beautiful face; a beautiful behavior than a beautiful form. 【译文】形体美胜于容貌美，行为美胜于形体美。
【解析】如果译成“美丽的外形胜过美丽的脸蛋，美丽的行为胜过美丽的外形”。似乎是把脸蛋看成是人体外形以外的部分，令人费解。大家都知道，脸蛋使人体外表的一个不可缺少的部分，可见译文在逻辑上不通。正文中的“form”应指“body”，即“形体”，所以原文应译为“形体美胜于容貌美，行为美胜于形体美”则更符合逻辑。
例2: They left me at the gate, not easily or lightly; and it was a strange sight to me to see the cart go on, taking Paggoty away, and leaving me under the elm tree looking at the house in which there was no face to look at me with love or liking any more.
【译文】送到门口，我们就分手了，当时的气氛既不凝重，也不轻松。马车拉着帕格迪走了，我站在老榆树下，望着那没有感情，没有爱的房子，很恍惚。 【解析】他们在门口分手时的情景是“not easily or lightly”，要表达这种感觉，用了“当时的气氛”来说明那时的心情“既不凝重，也不轻松”。
例3: My first quarter at Lowood seemed an age, and not the golden age either; it comprised an irksome struggle with difficulties in habituating myself to new rules and unwonted tasks. The fear of failure in these points harassed me worse than the physical hardships of my lot, though these were no trifles. （Charlotte Brontee: Jane Eyre）
【译文】我在劳渥德的一个季度似乎有一个时代那么长。而且还不是黄金时代；在这个季度里，我得作令人种种生厌的斗争，来克服困难。使自己习惯于新的规则，习惯于陌生的工作。我一直担心，怕在这方面出什么差错，这可比命中注定要身受艰苦，更叫我苦恼，虽说艰苦也并不是小事。
【解析】从经历上说，“我”在这个季节里→作斗争→克服困难→习惯规则→习惯工作→担心→怕差错；从感觉上说，“我”感到这个季节似乎长→生厌→担心→怕→受苦→苦恼→小事；从逻辑关系上说，符合发展规律，合情合理。
重复
补充例句
例1：His mother described him at two as “round and fat and strong as a five-year-old.”
【译文】母亲描绘他两岁时的情景时说: “圆圆胖胖, 结结实实, 象个五岁的孩子”。 例2：I teach because I like the peace of the academic calendar … I teach because teaching is a profession built on change …
I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students …
【译文】我教书，是因为我喜爱校历的步骤。……
我教书，是因为教学是建立在 “变” 这一基础上的职业。……
我教书，是因为我喜欢有让自己犯错误的自由，有自 己吸取教训的自由，
有激励自己和激励学生的自由。……
I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer …
I teach because I enjoy finding ways of getting myself and my students out of the ivory tower and into the real life … (《大学英语》, Unit 3, B.III)
【译文】我教书，是因为我喜欢向学生提出必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。…… 我教书，是因为我喜爱想方设法使自己和我的学生从象牙塔里走出来，步入现实世界。……
【解析】这里使用重复“I teach because I…”，译为“我教书，是因为我……”，和英语的修辞手段一致，由浅入深，哲理深远，说理透彻，层层递进，逻辑性强。
例3：It doesn’t matter what you learn, but once you learn something, you must never give it up until you have mastered it. It doesn’t matter what you look into, but once you look into something, you must never give it up until you have completely understood it. It doesn’t matter what you try to think of, but once you think of something, you must never give it up until you have got what you want. It doesn’t matter what you try to carry out, but once you try to carry out something, you must never give it up until you have done it completely and well.
【译文】你学什么都好，一旦起学，必定掌握，决不放弃；你研究什么都行，一旦开始，必定彻底弄懂，决不放弃；你想什么都可，一旦思想，必定想通，决不放弃；你做什么都成，一旦动手，必定完美，决不放弃。
平行排比
补充例句
例1： Their sunburned faces were dark, and their sunwhipped eyes were light. 【译文】他们太阳晒黑的脸忧郁阴沉，他们久经风霜的眼睛炯炯发光。
例2：It has its obscure and unpretentious beginning; its quiet stretches as well as its rapids; its periods of drought as well as fullness.
【译文】其源头，隐隐约约，并不引人注目；其流势，时而平缓，时而湍急；其水情，有汛期，也有枯竭期。
例3：The din of the stall-holders crying over their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining makes you dizzy.
【译文】货主的叫卖声，赶驴娃和脚夫响亮的喊人让路声，以及那些或许是买主的人讨价还价的争吵声，持续不断，叫你感到头晕目眩。
例4：And raising good cotton, riding well, shooting straight, dancing lightly, squiring the ladies with elegance and carrying one’s liquor like a gentleman were the things that mattered.
【译文】他们所关心的，是种棉花要种得好，骑马要骑得棒，开枪要开得准，跳舞要跳得轻松，追女人要追得得体，喝酒要喝得不至于坍台。
拟人
补充例句 例1：And I have loved thee, Ocean! And my joy of youthful sports was on thy breast to be borne onward.
【译文】我爱你呀，大海！在我少年之时，我最喜欢投身于你的怀抱把我带向远方。
例2： Yonder sky that has wept tears of compassion upon my people for centuries untold, and which to us appears changeless and eternal, may change.
【译文】多少世纪以来，渺渺苍天曾为我族洒下多少同情之泪；这个在我们看来像是永恒不变的上天苍穹，还是会变的。
例3：That freedom of the soul, which looks straight onward in its path, losing no time to reason upon its steps, to study them, or to contemplate those that it has already taken, is true simplicity. (François Fénelon: True and false Simplicity)
【译文】我们的灵魂要是能够无羁无绊，直视眼前的道路，并不白白浪费时间于权衡研究脚下的步伐，或是回顾已经走过的道路，这才是真正的单纯。
反语
补充例句 例1： Laws are generally found to be nets of such a texture, as the little creep through, the great break through, and middle-sized are alone entangled in.
【译文】人们通常发现，法网对犯法者是这样的： 小者穿网而过，大者破网而出，只有不大不小的才会坠入网中。
例2：Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass; the skin of which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies, and summer boots for fine gentlemen. (Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal )
【译文】比较省俭的人（我们必须承认这年头需要节约）可以先给孩子的尸体剥皮；皮经过加工，可以做贵妇手套，给绅士做夏天穿的靴子。
例3：They were, in fact, very fine ladies; not deficient in good-humour when they were pleased, nor in the power of being agreeable when they chose it; but proud and conceited. ( J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice)
【译文】其实，她们都是非常好的小姐；她们并不是不会谈笑风生，问题是要在她们高兴的时候；她们也不是不会待人和颜悦色，问题是在于她们是否乐意这样做；可惜的是，她们一味高傲自大。
课堂互动1 ：考考你，看谁能译出歧义和双关？ （参考译文） 1．He went to see the artist himself. 【译文一】他亲自去看画家。（himself是he的同位语。） 【译文二】他去看画家本人。（himself是the artist的同位语。） 2. He is capable of doing anything. 【译文一】他什么事情都会干。（指“能干”） 【译文二】他是什么事情都能干出来的。（指“亡命之徒”） 6．She didn’t do that to please her mother.
【译文一】为使她母亲高兴，她没有做那事。
(=She didn’t do that in order to please her mother.) 【译文二】她做那事并不是为了使她母亲高兴。 (=She did that not to please her mother.) 9.They can fish.
【译文一】他们会钓鱼。
【译文二】他们把鱼装进罐头。
10．They are visiting friends. 【译文一】他们是来访的朋友。 【译文二】他们在访问朋友。
课堂互动2 ：考考你，看谁能译出矛盾修辞格？ （参考译文） 3．painful pleasure 【译文】悲喜交加
4．Bad Good News (Time) 【译文】不好的好消息
6．I like sweet-sour apricots.
【译文】我爱吃甜中带酸的杏子。
课堂互动3： 运用夸张手法翻译句子（参考译文） 1．He sat perfectly quietly, and never spoke a syllable. 【译文】他静静地坐着，一言不发。
课堂互动5 ： 根据逻辑关系翻译下列句子（参考译文） 1．He is lying on his side. 【译文】他侧身躺着。 3．A smile would come into Mr Pickwick’s face, the smile extended into a laugh, the laugh into a roar, and the roar became general. (Charles Dickens: Pickwick Papers)
【译文】于是匹克威克先生的脸上就会浮现一丝微笑，微笑逐渐变成大笑，大笑变成狂笑，狂笑勾起一阵哄堂大笑
课堂互动6 ：运用重复手法翻译下列句子（参考译文）
3．The law should meet with your approval because it is simple, because it is enforceable, and because it is just. 【译文】你应该批准这个法律，因为它是简单的，还因为它是可实施的，更因为它是正义的。 课堂互动9：运用反语与讥讽翻译下列句子（参考译文）
1．The weatherman said it would be warm. He must take his readings in a bathroom. 【译文】气象预报员竟说今天天气温暖，他一定是在浴室里读气象资料的。 2． This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. 【译文】一周读不了一小时的书，多刻苦好学的孩子。
3． He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need. 【译文】他是你最不需要帮助时帮助你的人。
第六章 增补与省略
增补
补充例句
例1：Practically every river has an upper, a middle, and a lower part. 【译文】但凡是河流都有上游、中游和下游。
例2：We won’t retreat; we never have and never will.
【译文】我们不后退，我们从来就没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。 【解析】英语原文“never have”和“never will”之后都省略了“retreat”，汉语补译出“后退”，使表达完整。
例3：Presently there came a quivering glow that vaguely revealed the foliage for a moment and then vanished. By and by another came, a little stronger. Then another.
(Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer) 【译文】一会儿闪出一道颤动的亮光，隐约照亮了树上的枝叶，然后很快又消逝了。不一会儿，又是一道闪光，比前一次更亮些。然后又是一道。 【解析】“another”指“glow”，“a little stronger”还是指“glow”，英文省略，中文增补译出。 例4： I had no outlook, but an uplook rather. My place in society was at the bottom. 【译文】我没有人生观，倒是有向上爬观，我处于社会的底层。 【解析】增加“有……的观”，与前面的“人生观”相一致，把隐义显化，使语言生动，具
有幽默感。
例5：This is largely a manifestation of strong black identity, forged from experience of extensive discrimination and a consequent rejection of the values of mainstream British society. 【译文】这主要表现了一种强烈的黑人个性，这种黑人个性是由他们普遍受歧视的经历以及随之而产生的对主流英国社会价值观念的否定态度而造成的。 【解析】“forged”的逻辑主语是“strong black identity”。把逻辑主语“这种黑人个性”重复补译，强调主语，使译文意义更加清楚，再次说明黑人的个性是由两种情况形成的，即“感到普遍受歧视”和“否定主流英国社会价值观念”。“consequent”意思是“随后的；作为结果（后果）的，随之发生的”，“consequent”所引起的结果是由前一件事造成的。
补译替代部分
补充例句
例1：Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is higher than when it is low. 【译文】温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。 【解析】根据“温度高，水蒸发得快”这一点，那么，“when it is low”就是“温度低”，原文省去了“water evaporates slowly”，汉语增译“水蒸发得慢”也就很自然了。 例2：Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it.
【译文】时间被当作几乎实实在在的东西对待。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、解释时间是怎么用的；我们还要因为花了时间而收取费用。 【解析】“it”代替“时间”，连用九次，第一个译为“实实在在的东西”，其余八个全都译成了“时间”。试想，如果把“it”译为“它”或省而不译，会变成什么样的汉语？
例3： You cannot build a ship, a house, or a machine tool if you do not know how to make a design or how to read it.
【译文】如果不懂制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造成一条船，盖好一座房子或生产出一台机床来。 【解析】“it”代前面的“design”“图纸”，把代词译为名词，意义更加明确、形式更加完美。
补译解释说明
补充例句
例1：They went to Beijing by a Shanghai.
【译文】他们乘坐“上海”牌小轿车去了北京。
【解析】“Shanghai”是指“上海牌小轿车”不是“上海”。 例2：And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed.
【译文】越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他们仍然是少数。
【解析】这句话的翻译增加了一个“虽然”从句，不但打破了原文的语法结构，而且又将“growing minority”拆开分别译成“越来越多”但“数量上是少数”。
例3：His speech was Irish throughout，versatile，witty and occasionally pointed.
【译文】他的演说自始至终都带有爱尔兰人的风格：洋洋洒洒，妙语横生，有时则犀利尖刻。
【解析】把原句中的“throughout，versatile，witty，pointed”分别汉译成“自始至终，洋洋
洒洒，妙语横生，犀利尖刻”四字成语，充分体现了汉语特点，又符合英语语境。
例4： In literature, as in life, one of the fundamentals is to find, and be, one’s true self. One’s true self may indeed be unpleasant; but a false self, sooner or later, becomes disgusting—just as a nice plain woman, painted to the eyebrows, can become horrid. In writing, in the long run, pretense does not work. As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. If handwriting reveals character, writing reveals it still more. You cannot fool your judges all the time. (钱歌川：《翻译的技巧》) 【译文】在文学中，也和在人生中一样，基本原理之一就是发现自我，乃至成为真正的自我。真正的自我诚然是令人不愉快的，但一个虚伪的自己迟早是会变得令人讨厌的——正好像一个丑陋的女人，涂脂抹粉，一直涂到眉毛以上去，也会变得可怕一样。在写作中假装毕竟也是行不通的。正如警察所说的，你说的任何一句话，都可能成为对你不利的证据。如果笔迹显示性格，写作显示的则更多。你不能始终愚弄所有的评判人呀。 【解析】“indeed”和后面的“but”呼应；“a plain woman”是一种比较委婉的含蓄表达，这里的“plain”就是“ugly”的意思；“in the long run”是个短语，意思是“终究；毕竟”。
根据语气增词
补充例句
例1：Suppose it were so? (=Suppose it were so, what shall we do?)
【译文】假如果真如此，又该怎么办呢？
【解析】增译“又该怎么办呢”，使汉语译文更加符合习惯。 例2： He poured out his tale of misfortunes. 【译文】他滔滔不绝地诉说了自己的遭遇。
【解析】增加副词“滔滔不绝地”，修饰动词“诉说”，使动作语气加重。
例3：My dear Copperfield, she is, without any exception, the dearest girl! The way she manages this place, her punctuality, domestic knowledge, economy, and order, her cheerfulness, Coperfield! 【译文】我亲爱的科柏菲尔的确是位最可爱的姑娘！她把这里的一切料理的多好！她持家认真节俭，做事有条不紊，又精通家务事，整天价乐呵呵的，多好的科柏菲尔！
【解析】把名词“punctuality, knowledge, economy, order, cheerfulness”汉译成了形容词，又增加了一些解释性文字，使译文在内容上更加丰富，表达上更有意义，语气上更具有赞美之意。
根据语境增词
补充例句
例1：God knows what their fate will be, but I can guess. 【译文】天晓得他们的命运将如何，可我能猜出几分。 【解析】增加概括性副词“出几分”，表示程度。
例2：As early as the second session, he became convinced that Nixon’s outward self-confidence masked repression.
【译文】早在与尼克松第二次见面时，他就确信尼克松外表上的自信掩盖着情绪上的压抑。 【解析】增加形容词“情绪上的”，修饰中心词“压抑”，使所受压抑的方面更具体。
例3： The business of her (Mrs Bernnet’s) life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. (Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice)
【译文】她（班纳特夫人）生平的大事就是嫁女儿；她生平的安慰就是拜客访友和打听新闻。 【解析】把“visiting”译为“拜客访友”，把“news”译为“打听消息”，与“solace”协调搭配，意义明确。
例4： At the meeting he made a speech—eloquent and energetic. 【译文】他在会上发表了讲话——很动听——很有力。
【解析】增加副词，自然流畅，有音韵节奏感。原文中的破折号“——” 具有强调之意，所以加译“很”，完全符合原意。
根据逻辑修辞增词
补充例句
例1：Your refusal to come might offend others. 【译文】你如果不来就会得罪人。 【解析】增译“如果…就…”，译文表达自然，语句结构完美。 例2：Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 【译文】只要仔细把他们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。
【解析】若把“comparison”译为主语，译文便是“仔细的比 较将告诉你它们的不同之处”，显然过分拘泥于原文，不够自然，若汉译成“只要…就…,由于…”的条件复合句，再用“you”做主语则更符合汉语习惯。
例3：To many Americans, China is still a faraway place—unknown, unseen, and fascinating. 【译文】今天，仍然有许多美国人觉得中国远在天涯海角，鲜为人知，令人心驰神往。 【解析】增译成汉语成语，适当巧妙地运用成语，不损害原义，又增强修辞效果，还使观点鲜明。
例4：He was a patriotic, adventurous and romantic writer.
【译文】他是一个具有爱国热情、探索精神和浪漫风格的作家。
例5：China now is awakening, and it may soon move the world. Exotic, mysterious, fascinating China from time immemorial has tantalized the imagination of Western man. (Richard M. Nixon: The Awakening Giant)
【译文】中国正在觉醒，不久会震撼世界。自远古以来，中国奇异诱人，神秘莫测，魅力无穷激起了西方人的幻想。
【解析】把三个“exotic, mysterious, fascinating”三个形容词译为汉语的四字成语，显得既准确流畅，又声韵和谐。同时也表示了中国历史文化源远流长，底蕴深厚。
省略
补充例句
例1：John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, his trousers and his shoes, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework.
【译文】清晨约翰起得很早。他穿上夹克、裤子和鞋子，就坐在书桌旁开始做作业。 【解析】这里共用了五个单三物主人称代词“his”，全都省去不译，反倒使译文更加自然通顺。句中还省去了介词“in, at”和第二个连词“and”。 例2： I hate the three rules in discipline in my class. One is that a person who is late for class will be fined two yuan. The other is that a person who doesn’t hand in his homework in time will be fined three yuan. The third is that one who is absent for class will be fined ten yuan.
【译文】我讨厌班上所制订的三条制度，一条是上课迟到者罚款2元，一条是不及时交作业者罚款3元，一条是旷课者罚款10元。 【续】 For one thing, I am not so diligent, so I often get up late and am late for class. For the other, it seems that I have a bad memory as I often forget when to hand in my homework. For the third
rule, I am afraid that I can’t afford it any more. I am a poor student; I have lost much money. I’ll try my best to obey the three rules even though I hate them.
【续】我一是不大勤奋，晚起迟到是常有的事，另外，我的记性好像也很差，啥时候交作业经常忘得一干二净。说起这第三条嘛，恐怕我再也无力应付了，我是个穷学生，已经被罚了很多钱了。不过，恨归恨，不得已还是尽力遵守为好吧。 【解析】这段文字里共用了12个“I”。这种过多地使用人称代词，尤其是第一人称代词，无疑会增加感情因素和主观色彩，汉语翻译时适当减少代词的出现频率，虽在译文的语言形式上有点异化，但在译文的语言层面上实现了归化，在表达上更为自然。
名词的省译
补充例句 例1：Walking for walking’s sake may be as highly laudable and exemplary a thing as is held to be by those who practise it.
【译文】经常散步的人认为，为散步而散步是值得高度赞扬和仿效的。 【解析】“a thing”指的是“walking for walking’s sake”，因而可将“a thing”省去，不译“为散步而散步乃是一件值得高度赞扬和仿效的事情”。省译后，不影响意义表达。 例2：Curiosity is a willing, a proud, an eager confession of ignorance.
【译文】好奇是在急不可耐地炫耀自己的无知。
【解析】把原文中的三个词“willing confession, proud confession, eager confession”合译成一个“炫耀”，简洁明了。若按字面译成“好奇是一种自愿地、骄傲地、急切地承认无知”，显得既罗嗦又不通顺。
例3：Men tend to enjoy public, referentially orientated talk, while women enjoy intimate, affectively orientated talk.
【译文】男人喜欢公开谈论有具体内容的话题，而女人则乐意私下交流情感。 【解析】从翻译中可以看出在表达上增加了不少的词，如“public, referentially orientated talk”和“intimate, affectively orientated talk”就增译成了“谈论有具体内容的话题”和“私下交流感情”；在具体词汇的处理上则减少了词，如两个“orientated”均省去未译；在修辞表达上则讲求巧妙对应，如“intimate”译成“私下”和“public”“公开”形成对应；在意义上增词减词都未改变原文的内容。
动词和系动词的省译
补充例句
例1： …though the gleams blind and dazzle, yet do they convey a hint of beauty and serenity greater than we have known or imagined. 【译文】尽管光亮令人目眩，但它实实在在地带来了我们从未感受过或无法想象到的美好和宁静。
【解析】原文中的谓语动词“blind”和“dazzle”都指光亮耀眼夺目，将其中任一词省去，译出另一词就完全可以了，译为“尽管光亮令人目眩”，意义仍然很明确。 短语和句子的省译 补充例句
例1：I regret I am not in a position to help you. 【译文】很遗憾，我不能帮你的忙。 例2：The sound which came from him was an involuntary shriek of pure joy —he cared neither if he lived nor if he died.
【译文】他不由自主地尖叫一声——那纯粹是快乐的喊声，他早已把生死置之度外了。 【解析】把“he cared neither if he lived nor if he died”两个分句紧缩省译成一句“他早已把生死置之度外了”。
例3：When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of ‘the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue’. (L. G. Alexander: New Concept English, B.III)
【译文】他80岁那年死去时，佛罗伦萨人为他举行了国葬，并为他画像以纪念这位“骁勇无比的战士、杰出的领袖乔凡尼· 阿库托先生”。
【解析】把“was dedicated to the memory of”译为“纪念”，省去了动词短语“was dedicated to”。 例4：I could not have believed that a rag carpet could feast me so, and so content me; or that there could be such solace to the soul in wallpaper and framed lithographs, and bright-colored tidies and lamp-mates, and Windsor chairs, and varnished whatnots, with sea-shells and books and china vases on them, and the score of little unclassifiable tricks and touches that a woman’s hand distributes about a home, which one sees without knowing he sees them, yet would miss in a moment if they were taken away.
【译文一】我不能相信一块残缺的地毯会使我的感官得到如此愉快的享受，如此心满意足；或者说，我没有想到，房间里的一切会给我的灵魂以这样的慰藉；那糊墙纸、那些带框的版画、铺在沙发上的扶手和靠背上的色彩鲜艳的小垫布和台灯座下的衬垫、几把温莎时代的细骨靠椅、还有陈列着海贝、书籍和瓷花瓶的锃光透亮的古董架，以及那种种随意搁置物品的细巧方法和风格，它们是女人的手治理的痕迹，你见了不会经意，而一旦拿走，你立刻又会怀念不已。
【译文二】真不敢相信，一块破旧地毯竟让我得到巨大的享受、无比的满足；或者说，普通的糊壁纸、几块带框石版画、鲜艳椅套和灯垫、几张温莎式高背椅、几个摆放着海贝、书籍和瓷瓶的漆橱架、以及处处一个家庭主妇不引人注意、而又缺之不可的精心装点布置，竟会给人的精神带来如此巨大的安慰。
课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整（参考译文） 1．The purposes of his journey were both military and political. 【译文】这次旅行既有军事上的目的，又有政治上的目的。
2．Xiao Fang and Xiao Ming are at the same school; Xiao Fang in Class One, and Xiao Ming in Class Two.
3．Some of the gases in the air are fairly constant in amount, while others are not. 空气中有些气体的含量就相当稳定，有些就不稳定。 4．You may apply in person or by letter.
你可以本人亲自去申请或寄信去申请。
5．Some go only for one year, many for two, but never longer, unless the ship which is to bring them out cannot reach their base.
(W. M. Smith: In the Antarctic)
有些人在这里呆一年，有些人要呆两年，但绝对不会太久，除非去接他们的船到不了基地。 6．He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for
running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (William Thackeray: Vanity Fair)
他是个聪明的人，很好相处，就是学习不肯用功，老是东挪西借，还喜欢上酒馆喝上两口。 课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意补译替代部分使句意完整（参考译文） 1．—Did you enjoy your time in Nanjing？ —Yes, I did.
【译文】——你在南京过得愉快吗？ ——是的，我过得很愉快。
2．—Is matter in constant motion and in constant change? —Yes, it is.
【译文】——物质是在不断地运动和变化着吗？
——是的，物质是在不断地运动和变化着。 3．For errors had been made, bad ones.
【译文】因为错误已经出了不少， 而且还是很严重的错误。
4．I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time. 希望会议不要开的太久，太久了只会浪费时间。
课堂互动3： 翻译句子，注意解释说明（参考译文）
1．He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life and death.
他一直生活在沙漠里，每杯水都可能是生死攸关之大事，必须精打细算的用。 2 ．If one had but two heads and
neither required sleep!（=It would be good if one had but two heads and neither required sleep!）
【译文】人要是有两个脑袋，而且都不需要休息就好了。 3．And the music of the pearl drifted to a whisper and disappeared.
【译文】珍珠之歌随波荡漾，余音袅袅，后来完全溶入了滚滚波涛。 4．Saving is to an individual is what profit is to a business. /What saving is to an individual is what profit is to a business.
一个人不能不储蓄存钱，就像一个企业不能没有利润效益一样。 5．And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his army of the future.
接着，他发表了长篇演说，振振有词的把他设想中的军队鼓吹了一番。 课堂互动4： 翻译句子，根据语境、语义增词（参考译文） 1．People in the square melted away. 【译文】广场上的人们渐渐散去了。
2．This is the drink of hot weather. 【译文】这是大热天理想的饮料。
3．He was weak and old.
【译文】他身体衰弱，年纪也大了。
4．The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echo. 【译文】这间大厅有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时尚新潮、没有回声。 5．Mr Linton was not far behind; he opened the gate himself and
sauntered slowly up, probably enjoying the lovely afternoon that breathed as soft summer. (Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights)
林淳先生在后面不远；他自己打开了大门，慢慢溜达过来，大概是想享受这风和日丽，宛如夏日的下午时光。
课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子，注意逻辑修辞（参考译文） 1．Illness prevented him from doing his work. 【译文】他因病不能干活。
2．Possessing high conductivity of heat and electricity, aluminum finds wide application in industry.
【译文】由于铝具有良好的导热性及导电性，所以在工业上获得了广泛应用。 3．Social evils were fundamentally caused by economic inequality. 从根本上说，社会罪恶是由经济不平等所造成的。
4．The rapid expansion of industrialization throughout the world must lead to a progressive exhaustion of natural resources.
由于工业化在全世界迅速发展，自然资源必然逐步趋向枯竭。
5．Their (the Curie’s) discovery brought about a revolution in the understanding of a structure of matter.
由于居里夫人的发现，人类对物质结构的认识发生了一次革命。
6．You are only young once. At the time it seems endless, and is gone in a flash; and then for a very long time you are old.
人一生年轻只有一次，似乎永远不完，而逝去就在一瞬间，而后很长很才一段时间都是老年。
7．They are to be had very cheap and good. We breathe but the air of books.
好书可比作人们呼吸的空气，到处可得，花费不多，裨益很大，我们所吸取的都来自书本。 8．A little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar.
一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，瘸腿，胡须满面。
9．Women screamed, and kids howled, but the men stood silent, watching, interested in the outcome.
只听到女人们在尖叫，小孩们在欢闹，男人们则静静的立在那袖手旁观，饶有兴味的等着看结果。
10．His eyes, wide and wet, at last flashed fiercely on her; his breast heaved convulsively. (Emily Brontë: Wuthering Heights)
【译文】他睁大双眼，含着泪水，最后猛地向她一闪，胸口激动地起伏着。 课堂互动6：翻译下列句子，注意冠词、代词的省译（参考译文） 1．By analysis, we mean analyzing the contradictions in things.
【译文】所谓分析, 就是分析事物的矛盾。
2．I am not a poet; I could not write a single line to depict its beauty. 【译文】我不是诗人，我写不出一行诗句来描绘它的美丽。
3．Our son, Carl, who is six, goes to a good private school, and our daughter, who is four, won’t go to school until next year.
我儿子卡尔六岁，在一所很好的私立学校读书，女儿四岁，明年才上学。 4．But it’s the way I am, and try as I might; I haven’t been able to change it. 可我就是这个脾气，虽几经努力，却始终未能改变过来。 5．It is man’s social being that determines his thinking. 人们的社会存在，决定人们的意识。
课堂互动7: 翻译句子，注意省译（参考译文）
1．As the temperature increases，the volume of water becomes greater. 【译文】温度升高, 水的体积就增大。
2．When short waves are sent out and meet an obstacle they are reflected. 【译文】短波发送出去, 遇到障碍就反射回来。
3．I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the telephone. 【译文】那时我正在洗澡，因此没有听到电话铃响。
4．We must bring forward a new design at the earliest possible date. 我们必须尽早提出一项新方案。
5．I honest to goodness would like to find myself a job somewhere. 我确实想在哪儿找个工作干。 第七章综合练习及参考答案 1．用增补译法翻译下列句子
1）A knock at the door prevented me from answering his question. 【译文】因为有人敲门，我无法回答他的问题。
2）The widespread application of new and more complex products will give rise to side-effects. 【译文】由于广泛地应用更复杂的新产品，将产生一些副作用。 3）An intelligence test will allow us to predict the level of a student. 【译文】智力测验能预测学生的实际水平。
4）The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents. 【译文】我一见到那个孤儿，就想到他的父母。
5）In this mood, I went to diplomatic circles, earnest but only sketchingly informed. 【译文】我就是怀着这种心情进入外交界的，满腔热情，但知之甚少。 6）Her child, her work, her friends were more than enough to fill her time. 【译文】她照顾孩子，干工作，交朋友，这些占用了她的全部时间。 7）“I’ll make a doctor of him,” said Mrs. White. 【译文】“我一定要把他培养成一个高明的医生，”怀特太太说。 8）I like the place for the very reason that (=for which) you dislike it. 【译文】我喜欢那地方的原因恰恰是你不喜欢它的原因。 9）The old people, weary but excited, decided to have a rest.
【译文】这些老人，虽疲劳却兴致很高，他们决定休息一下。 10）He spoke hopefully of the success of the movement. 【译文】他满怀希望地说这场运动会取得成功。
11）These problems had to be weighed up under varying, sometimes uncertain factors. 【译文】这些问题必须根据变化着的因素，有时是捉摸不定的因素来进行全衡。 12）It was a splendid population—for all the slow, sleepy sluggish—brained sloths stayed at home. 【译文】这是一批迅速能干的人们，——因为那些行动迟缓、昏昏欲睡、呆若树獭的人都留在家里了。
13）Rubber is a light, elastic, durable and water resistant material, which makes rubber industry very important.
【译文】橡胶是一种质轻、富有弹性、经久耐用、并能防水的材料，这就使得橡胶工业显得非常重要。
14）There is a tide in the affairs not only of men, but of women too, which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.
【译文】人生在世，有时会时来运转，只要抓住时机，就能有所作为，非但男人如此，女人也一样。 15）Although schoolmistresses’ letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyard epitaphs; yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his 1ife, who is really deserving of all the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, chi1d, wife or husband; who actually does leave a disconsolate family to morn his loss; … 【译文】尽管校长的信和墓志铭一样靠不住。不过偶然也有个把死人也当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话，虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母，孝顺的儿女，尽职的丈夫，贤良的妻子，他们的家人也实实在在地、哀思绵绵地追悼他们。 2．用省略译法翻译下列句子
1）I’ve got the devil of a toothache. 【译文】我牙痛死了。
2) Water passes from a liquid to a solid state when it freezes. 【译文】水结冰就是从液态转变为固态。
3) The scenery was beautiful; and the acting was superb. 【译文】布景很美，演出很出色。
4) Listening to classical music is my cup of tea. 【译文】我最爱听古典音乐。
5) They don’t know their right hand from their left. 【译文】他们什么也不知道。
6) It’s an experience I wouldn’t trade for anything in the world. 【译文】这就是我最宝贵的一次经历。
7) In the course of the same year, war broke out in that area. 【译文】同年，该地区爆发了战争。
8) Before the night was far advanced, they began to move against the enemy. 【译文】入夜不久，他们开始进攻敌人。
9) The volume of the sun is about 1 300 000 times that of the earth. 【译文】太阳的体积约为地球的1,300,000倍。
10) It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do. 【译文】现在人们认为，脑子越用越好使。
11) Those were the days of innocence, when volunteers tended to be welcomed merely because they had volunteered.
【译文】那时人们的想法单纯得很，志愿参加的人都受到欢迎，只是因为他们是自愿的。
12) At the earliest opportunity he ordered the cavalry to ride out and clear the level ground in the occupation of the enemy.
【译文】他下令骑兵乘机出击平原上的敌人阵地。
13) …and as always happens with radios, just at the vital moment a crash and a bang and nothing could be understood and the broadcast ended.
【译文】收音机老出现这种情况：正在紧要关头，嘎啦一声，或是轰隆一响，什么都听不清楚，广播就完了。
14) Times were tough during the Depression, and there were five mouths to feed in my family, besides buying coal and wood for the strove.
【译文】那年头正值大萧条期，日子过得紧紧巴巴，我们家除了买煤买柴之外，还有五张嘴等着要吃饭。
15) She was lucky, for he had given her a gift more powerful than sight, the gift of love that can bring light where had been darkness.
【译文】她很幸运，因为他送给她的是一份比视力更能增添力量的礼物，这份礼物充满着爱意，可以使光明重现。 段落翻译在本上
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