句子结构和成分
句子分类
句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
考点1. 简单句
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。如：
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
（画线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）
改错：
It not only costs little money but also comfortable.
考点2. 并列句
改错：
①. He likes English, his English is very good. ×
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②. His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. ×
当一个句子中含有两个简单句时，就要考虑两个简单句的连接问题了。直接用逗号连接两个简单句是错误的。
这时我们可以用and, but, or等并列连词来连接这两个句子；也可以用分号（;）来连接。此时，这两个简单句（此时也可称作分句）之间是并列关系，不能说一个分句作了另一个分句的什么成分。
用并列连词或分号连接起来的句子是并列句。
上两句可以改为：
①. He likes English；his English is very good. (用分号连接)
②. He likes English, so/and his English is very good.
③. His wife was ill; he had to stay at home. (用分号连接)
④. His wife was ill, so/and he had to stay at home.
考点3. 复合句
A. 用从属连词连接的句子是复合句。
还先看上面的两个错句：
①. He likes English, his English is very good. ×
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②. His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. ×
我们还可以用从属连词来连接。这两句话可改为：
①. Because he likes English, his English is very good.
②. When he likes English, his English is very good.
③. Because his wife was ill, he had to stay at home.
④. When his wife was ill, he had to stay at home.
先看第一个句子。当用because连接时，译为“因为他喜欢英语，（所以）他的英语非常好”。主要说的是“他的英语非常好”，“他喜欢英语”是他英语好的原因。因此：“his English is very good”是主句，“because he likes English” 是原因状语从句。当用when连接时，译为“当他喜欢英语时，他的英语非常好”。 主要说的是“他的英语非常好”，“他喜欢英语”是他英语好的时间。因此，“his English is very good”是主句，“when he likes English” 是时间状语从句。
同理，句②修改后，前面分别为原因状语从句和时间状语从句，后面是主句。
像上面这样，用从属连词连接两个简单句之后，一个句子是主要的（主句），另外一个句子（从句）是说明主要句子发生的时间、原因、条件等，这样构成的句子称为复合句。
B. 当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。从词或词组升级后的句子是从句，除从句以外的是主句，整个句子是复合句。
① The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
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② The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.
③ （当over there变为 who is wearing a hat时，句子就含有两个主谓结构，一个是The boy is my brother，是主句；who is wearing a hat是the boy的定语，称为定语从句。who既作从句成分，又起着从属连词的作用。）
④ I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
⑤ I was doing my homework when he came in.
⑥ （I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语，是时间状语从句。因此本句是复合句，when是从属连词。）
⑦ It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
⑧ What he said is wrong.
⑨ （what he said，是一个主谓结构。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构，What he said作主语， is wrong系表结构作谓语，因此，本句是复合句。What he said是主语从句；what既作从句成分又起着从属连词的作用）
从上面这几个句子，我们可以看出：
C. 一个句子如果含有从句，如名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等，这个句子就是复合句。
练习1. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。
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1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3. There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
11. Right now it is the summer vacation and I’m helping my Dad on the farm.
12. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
13. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.
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14. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.
15. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him.
考点4. 引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别
练习2. 说出下列复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。
1. You can find it where you left it.（ ）
2. Tell me the address where he lives.（ ）
3. I don’t know where he comes from.（ ）
4. Where he was born is not known yet.（ ）
5. This place is where they once lived.（ ）
考点5. 一个句子有两个主谓结构时，要考虑它们之间的连接问题
直接用逗号连接的两个简单句是错误的。一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。这时我们就要考虑连接词的问题。这时，我们有三种方法来改正这个错句：
A. 改为并列句：我们可以使用and, so, but等并列连词来把它们连接起来；或者把逗号改为分号。
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B. 改为复合句：加上从属连词，把其中的一个分句改为状语从句、定语从句或名词性从句。
C. 改为简单句：把其中的一个主谓结构的谓语破坏掉，从而使其变成独立主格结构。
I like English, my English is very good. × 可以改为：
并列句：
I like English and my English is very good.
I like English, so my English is very good.
I like English; my English is very good.
复合句：
As/Because I like English, my English is very good.
（含有原因状语从句的复合句）
When I like English, my English is very good.
（含有时间状语从句的复合句）
简单句：
I liking English, my English is very good.
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(把一个分句改为独立主格结构)
再如：I have a house, its windows are very big. ×
可以改为：
并列句：
I have a house and/but its windows are very big.
I have a house; its windows are very big.
复合句：
I have a house, whose windows are very big.
(含有定语从句的复合句)
考点6. 两个分句一般只用一个连词
用了“因为（because, as, since等）”不用“所以(so)”；用了“虽然(although, though)”不用“但是（but）”。
改错：
Because I like English, so I am good at it.
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Although he is not intelligent, but he does well in all his subjects.
I.
单句改错
A. 注意分句连接
1. 【2014新课标Ⅰ】 Although we allow tomato plants to grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.
2. 【2005天津】As she gave it to me, when the phone rang and she went to answer it.
3. 【2006全国Ⅰ】They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early in the morning.
4. 【2004全国Ⅱ】But I have spent most my money, so I cannot even go out of town. （不要受心理定势影响）
5. 【2013 辽宁】With little sleep and hardly any break, so he works from morning till night.
6. 【2013 新课标Ⅰ】He had a deep voice, which set him apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
7. 【2009陕西】Some friends of his go to see him everyday, they take him lots of good books and fresh fruit.
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8. My name is Zhang Hong, and 20 years old.
B. 注意并列成分
9. 【2014大纲卷】The understanding between two friends means both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.
10. 【2014新课标Ⅱ】We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening to music.
11. 【2005湖北】In other words, they help to keep people strong and feel good.
12. 【2009重庆】However, every kind of Chinese food is worth trying, because each has a delicious taste and good for health.
13. I didn’t communicate with others in English and not willing to practice it either.
14. 【2012全国大纲Ⅰ】For example, how many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television on when no one else was there?
15. 【2008浙江】I headed for the company, feeling sure I would easily finish 300 envelops in five hours and to earn the money.
16. 【2015课标Ⅱ】A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.
II. 语法填空（每空至多填三词）
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（由高考真题中改错题改编）
17. 【2004天津】At weekends, we would play basketball, ______（游泳） in the pool or go for a picnic.
18. 【2004全国Ⅱ】I am thinking of making a trip to London, and ______（visit）the British Museum and some parks.
19. 【2004湖南】Then, I put my book under my desk, ______ (open) it and started looking for the answers.
20. 【2004福建】She stopped to look out of the window and ______ (find) a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.
21. 【2005浙江】At first I was not quite willing to sit down and ______ (观看) the 90-minute football match.
22. 【2011浙江】I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy playing with the toy or ______ （面对） my cousin again.
答案：
第1讲 简单句、并列句和复合句
练习1. 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。
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1. 简单句。
2. 复合句, The boy is called Tom是一个主谓结构，who offered me his seat也是一个主谓结构，为定语从句，作前一个主谓结构中主语the boy 的定语。
3. 简单句，反义疑问句。
4. 简单句，my brother and I 是并列主语，后面go to school和come back为并列谓语，因此也只有一个主谓结构。
5. 并列句。
6. 含有时间状语从句的复合句。
7. 并列句。
8. 复合句，what he said也是一个主谓结构，名词性从句作主语。
9. 简单句，只有一个主谓结构。
10. 简单句，前面为并列主语。
11. and连接的并列句。
12. 由so连接的并列句。
13.
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简单句。
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14. but连接前后为并列句，但后面又是一个含有定语从句的复合句。
15. 含有让步状语从句的复合句。
练习2. 说出下列复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。
1. 地点状语从句
2. 定语从句
3. 宾语从句
4. 主语从句
5. 表语从句
练习3. 利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题。
1. D 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D 8. D
1. but去掉或者改为yet；两个简单句用一个连词连接就行，用了“虽然”，不用“但是”，yet可以作副词。
2. 去掉when；the telephone rang应为主句。
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3. 去掉that；because本身就是连词，不能再用that。
4. 在my前加of；But是在意思上与前面连接，因此后面用so是正确的。
5. 去掉so；前面with的复合结构不是一个分句，因此整个句子还是简单句，所以后面不必用连词。
6. 后句的he前加and；which引导的是定语从句，其前后的两个句子构成了并列句，要有并列连词连接。
7. they前加and；两个简单句直接用逗号连接是错误的。
8. and后加I’m；20 years old的主语不是My name。
9. trusting改为trust；trust和have是并列的。
10. sat改为sit；sit和lie构成并列谓语。
11. feel改为feeling；feeling good和strong是并列的，都是作keep的补语。keep 后跟现在分词作补语。
12. good前加is；后句中each是主语，has a delicious taste是第一个谓语，is good for health是第二个谓语。
13. 在not前加were；willing是形容词，前面加be才能作谓语。
14. leave改为left；left和walked是并列的。
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15. 去to；earn和finish是并列的，所以要用动词原形。
16. telling改为told; told和saw是并列关系。
17. swim；play, swim和go是并列关系。
18. visiting；visiting和making是并列的，都是thinking of的宾语。
19. opened；put, opened和started是并列谓语。
20. found；found和stopped是并列的。
21. watch；watch和sit是并列的。
22. face；face和enjoy是并列的。
23. Thank you so much for not only giving me life, but also teaching me how to be a good person.
24. I particularly enjoy sitting beside you and listening to you tell stories.
25. In the past, we had to sit at our desks in silence and pay attention to what the teachers were saying.
26. I still remember getting up early that day and feeling anxious about the new world.
27. I dream of standing on the platform in the classroom and giving lessons to lovely
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boys and girls.
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