Section I
Part ADirections:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed ________.[A] had produced[B] have been produced[C] would have produced[D] had been produced2.
Structure and Vocabulary
There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than
________ in the public mind today.[A] exists[B] exist[C] existing[D] existed
3.
The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory.[A] which to base on[B] on which to base[C] to base on which[D] which to be based on
4.
________ can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.[A] Everybody[B] Anybody[C] Somebody[D] Nobody
9.
[C] It
8.
7.
6.
5.
[C] at
[D] on
[A] by
[D] As
[B] with
10.Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ________ the atmosphere.
[C] so is
Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ________ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personal one.
________ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
[B] That
[A] What
[C] in that
[A] as it is
[A] so that
[B] but that
[A] attended
[C] to attend
[D] less than
[B] attending
[B] other than
[C] better than
[A] rather than
[B] the same as
How many of us ________, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?
It is believed that today’s pop music can serve as a creative force ________ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.
[D] provided that
[D] have attended
[D] and so isPart BDirections:
Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)
reflectingleisurely
AB 11.The conveniences that Americans desire not so much a
are
lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time C too valuable
to be wasted
D.
opponent’s
A12.In debating, one must correct the facts, deny the relevance of his
thatwhatunless
proof, or deny B C he presents as proof, D relevant, is sufficient. conscious ofof which
AB work provides the psychological 13.We are not the extent
thatdifference
Dsatisfaction C can make the between a full and an empty life.
giveone manhaving promoted
C14.The Portuguese A a great deal of credit to B for sea
was
travel, that man D Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century. Accounts offorwrite about
AC15. scientific experiments are generally correct B those
checking
science are careful in D the accuracy of their reports.
hear ofeven
16.whenever we A a natural disaster, B in a distant part of the world, we
sympathyto have affected
CDfeel for the people .
to saytrustingA17.It is perhaps not an exaggeration that we shall soon be B our health,
whomare
wealth and happiness to elements with C very names the general public D unfamiliar.
no otherso small
18.The speaker claimed that A modern nation devotes B a portion of its
thandoes
wealth to public assistance and health C the United States D.
defence-linked
A19.There are those who consider it questionable that these research
account for
Bprojects will an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately,
to do muchdiminishing
CD to protect our resources.
are awakenedeach time as
AB20.If individuals they begin a dream phase of sleep, they
even thoughhas been
CD are likely to become irritable their total amount of sleep sufficient.Part C
Directions:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
21.In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly ________ if the invitation
to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.
[A] admired[C] expected[D] worshipped
[B] regarded
22.A ________ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the
mayor for approval.
[A] shorthand[B] scheme[C] schedule[D] sketch
23.A man has to make ________ for his old age by putting aside enough money to
live on when old.
[A] supply[B] assurance[C] provision[D] adjustment
24.The newly-built Science Building seems ________ enough to last a hundred
years.
[A] spacious[B] sophisticated[C] substantial[D] steady
25.It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ free
medical care.
[A] entitled to[B] involved in[C] associated with
[C] loss
[C] fault
[B] tired
[B] stake
[D] threat
[D] bored
[A] wrong
[A] danger
[B] trouble
[B] run into
[A] fatigued
[C] abide by
[D] step into
[D] difficulty
[C] exhausted
27.I felt ________ to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.
29.Your advice would be ________ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s
end.
26.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they
had more at ________.
31.The river is already ________ its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the
city is threatened with a likely flood.
[C] extensively[B] excessively[D] exclusively[A] exceedingly
28.When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find
what was at ________.
30.He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to
________ the consequences.
[A] parallel to
[A] answer for
[D] assigned to
[B] hasty
[C] let off
[B] losing
[D] let out
[C] flat on
[A] urgent
[C] instant
[D] prompt
[B] level in
35.We should always keep in mind that ________ decisions often lead to bitter
regrets.
36.John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages ________ in the
dictionary.
33.In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ________ for
language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.
32.People ________ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of
passengers as do the airliners of today.
34.The mother said she would ________ her son washing the dishes if he could
finish his assignment before supper.
[D] leaking
[D] assured
[A] adapted
[A] missing
[C] resolved
[B] let alone
[A] let down
[C] dropping
[D] appointed
[D] flush with
[C] assembled
[A] convinced
[B] anticipated
[B] acknowledged
37.In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women
________ this field is climbing.
[A] engaging[B] devoting[C] registering[D] pursuing
38.The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ________, but he gave us an
idea about his plan.
[B] in turn[C] in conclusion[D] at length
[A] at hand
39.Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest ________ of being met.
[A] prospect[B] prediction[C] prosperity[D] permission
40.It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a ________ way when in a
furious state.
[A] stable[B] rational[C] legal[D] credible
Section II
Directions:
Cloze Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)
Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43. The new REM sleep.
[D] Any
[C] Each
43.[A] subtle
41.[A] Either
[C] settled
[B] Neither
[B] obvious
[D] inferred
[B] required
42.[A] intended
[D] afforded
[C] assumed
[D] doubtful
45.[A] in the light
[C] mysterious
44.[A] maintained
[B] by virtue
For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal [B] described
protecting mechanism against disease -- had crashed.
49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems -- the self-
for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-to rats, yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely
experiments, such as those 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society normal. A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats [D] for the purpose
[C] with the exception
46.[A] reduction
[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47.[A] upon
[B] by[C] through[D] with
48.[A] paid attention to
[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on[D] cast light on49.[A] develop
[B] produce[C] stimulate[D] induce50.[A] if
[B] as if[C] only if[D] if only
Section IIIReading Comprehension
Directions:
Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there
are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)
Text 1
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for
labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.
[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising
[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising
52.In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of
advertising?
[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.
53.The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.
[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention
[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information
[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54.In the author’s opinion, ________.
[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing
information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement
Text 2
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process.
People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.
55.A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.
[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey
56.In the author’s eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would
________.
[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder
[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time
57.When the author says “a new way of being” (Line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to
________.
[B] a new way of taking risks
[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change
58.For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT
________.
[A] curiosity about more chances[B] promptness in self-adaptation
[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts
Text 3
In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.
Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.59.The word “it” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.
[A] the lack of stable communities[C] the increased mobility of families
[B] the breakdown of informal information channels
[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place
60.The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that
________.
[A] they have to learn new things consciously
[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily
[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61.From the passage we can infer that ________.
[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62.We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.
[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information
technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater
speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
Text 4
Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer!”
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged.
63.According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.
[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable
64.The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because
________.
[A] the pressure is too great on the students[B] some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high
[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful
65.The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.
[A] candidates’ sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values
66.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.
[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth
[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one’s characteristics[C] the development of one’s personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society
Text 5
That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.
Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one’s memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.
Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view,
continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67.From the evolutionary point of view, ________.
[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual’s
adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68.According to the passage, if a person never forgot, ________.
[A] he would survive best[B] he would have a lot of trouble
[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69.From the last paragraph we know that ________.
[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning
[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting
[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70.In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of ________.
[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adapting[D] experiencing
Section IVEnglish-Chinese Translation
Directions:
Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into
Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests
themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.Section V
Directions:
[A] Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE”[B] Time limit: 40 minutes
Writing
[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start
with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.”[E] Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15
points)OUTLINE:
1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion
1995年考研英语真题答案
Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)1.6.
[D][C]
2.7.
[A][A]
3.8.
[B][D]
4.9.
[D][A]
5.[B]10.[C]
Part B (5 points)
11.
13.15.17.19.[A] reflect[B] to which
[C] writing about或who write about[C] whose[C] do much12.14.16.18.20.[D] if[D] being[D] affected[C] as
[B] each time
Part C (10 points)21.26.31.36.
[B][B][D][A]
22.27.32.37.
[D][D][B][D]
23.28.33.38.
[C][C][A][D]24.29.34.39.[C][A][C][A]25.30.35.40.[A][A][B][B]
Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41.[B]46.[C]
42.[C]47.[A]
43.[C]48.[D]44.[B]49.[A]45.[D]50.[B]
Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51.56.61.66.
[D][C][A][C]
52.57.62.67.
[A][A][D][D]
53.58.63.68.
[D][D][C][B]
54.59.64.69.
[C][B][B][A]
55.60.65.70.
[A][C][B][B]
Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)
71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不
考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。72.这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、
可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。73.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两
者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
76.参考范文（略）
Section V: Writing (15 points)
75.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件
差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
74.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所
要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
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