2012年考研英语一答案详解 Section I Use of English Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is
inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.
1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless
3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer 14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied
15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions 16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls 17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore
19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable 20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below
each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.
Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.
The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer
pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once
state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.
Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the prob lem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.
21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
[A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics [C] an obstacle to school progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors
22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should [A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ experience [C] stay away from commercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements 23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure [C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D]produce a long-lasting social effect
24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our networks of friends [B] will mislead behavioral studies [C] occurs without our realizing it [D] can produce negative health habits
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
[A] harmful [B] desirable [C] profound [D] questionable Text 2
A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporatio n bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state
went a step further, requ iring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misle ading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.
The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews
th e company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to
[A] condemning. [B] reaffirming. [C] dishonoring. [D] securing.
27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators. [B] seek favor from the federal legislature. [C] acquire an extension of its business license . [D] get permission to purchase a power plant.
28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its
[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness. [C] financial goals. [D] business vision
29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test [A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its pro mises. [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations. [C] the federal authority over nuclear issues . [D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues. 30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] Entergy’s business elsewhere migh t be affected. [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied. [C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application. [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their
own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists)
receives
the
new
discovery
and
possibly
accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the
technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.
In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of t he mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”
31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A] uncertainty and complexity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness. [C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.
32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility
process requires
[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts. [C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.
33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public. [B]has been examined by the scientific community. [C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers. [D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists. 34. Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree that [A] scientific claims will survive challenges. [B]discoveries today inspire future research. [C] efforts to make discoveries are justified. [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.
35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test? [A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development. [B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery. [C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science. [D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science. Text 4
If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American govern ment workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.
There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions k eep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.
In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians hav e repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer
under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the
president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.
36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that [A] Teamsters still have a large body of members. [B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership. [D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.
37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2? [A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions. [B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.
[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented. [C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that
unions
[A]often run against the current political system. [B]can change people’s political attitudes. [C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms. [D]are dominant in the government.
40. John Donahue’s a ttitude towards the public-sector system is one of
[A]disapproval. [B]appreciation. [C]tolerance. [D]indifference. Part B Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels.
You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first
media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.
But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.
(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.
All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)
For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)
Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.
(45)
What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of \"stickiness\" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like http://www..com/doc/4513395479.html , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.
[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our
collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. [E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.
[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.
[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
Part C Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, t his quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.
(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.
This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.
(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the
languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals
[NxtPage] Section III Writing Part A 51. Directions:
Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”
instead.
Do not write the address(10 points) Part B
52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly 2) explain its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points) Section Ⅰ Use of English
2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”一文。选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章，而且和当年一样，也是包含几个小段落，不像以往的文章，三段或者四段论，脉络比较清晰，结构容易把握。而且，较去年比较“平易近人”的文章，这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识，比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学，会相应得心应手一些。另外，20道题目中，多达13题都是在考查动词，虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项，除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外，其他的选项含义都差别甚远，按理说值得高兴。但是这些考查动词的题目中，许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况，往年就是08年出现了3处，今年也出现3处。仅有2道题考查逻辑词，而且这两道题是送分题，不需要考虑太多。一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现(19题)。下面就真题作一个详细解析。
和以往一样，第一句话不设空，帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题：美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。
题1选B。maintain. 此空有赖于对后文的理解。这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路，也就是首先通读全文。尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议：希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性，因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。同时，题2答案(when)也顺势而出：
如果法官们和政治家一样，法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。
题2选A。这里的when其实表示条件关系，即“如果……。” 题3选择weakened。上下文语义题+词义辨析。选项含义差别较大，要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。Yet表示一个转折：“即使这样，还是有很多法官这样做，损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。” 本题如果能把导向把握准，即可定位在B和D两项，D项eliminated 过于绝对，排除。
题4 选D. accepted。上下文语义。依然是通过上下文逻辑关系，按段精度解题。这段用两个法官参与政治事件的例子说明他们的行为使得法院的裁决不偏不倚而被认可变得不太可能。A选项challenged 和C项suspected意义相反，和主旨矛盾，即肯定了法官参与政治行为。B项compromised “调停” 和主题无关。
题5 选C。上下文语义题。本段属于总分形式。首先提出法官参与政治导致的问题，然后分析问题的原因：“这种情况有一部分是由于法官们不受伦理道德准则的约束。” 其他三项不合逻辑，均不具干扰性。
题6 选B。完型填空在历史上对于subject这个词一向情有独钟。04年，05年，08年以及10年选项中都出现，只有05年落选。而且这3年考查的意思都一致，即“易遭受……”，考查形式有“is subjected to”，“is subject to” 以及“subject sb. to sth。(使得某人容易遭受)”。今年依然是“subject”入选，但是这次取了大家最熟悉的意思，即“使服从，受…管制”，“法院应该依行为准则办事”。至于选项A resistant 和C immune两个选项和subject 这三个词在04年的第8道题也同时出现。“Be immune to”指“对…免疫，不起作用”。可见很多时候命题人不总以内容为基础来设置干扰选项，也提醒大家要重视对于历年真题的复习。
题7 选 D. applied。上下文语义题。选项所在的句子是定语从句，修饰前面的“code of conduct”，即“法院应该让自己服从于那些也同样应用于其他联邦法院的行为准则”。A项
resort to：诉诸于，求助于; B项sticks to: 坚持;这两项的主语都不能是“code”，属搭配不当。C项lead to，导致。意义不符，直接排除。
题8 选B. raise。上下文语义+固定搭配。“raise the question of” 提出了……的问题。这一句是承上启下段。全文的导向是“法官法庭应该和政治分离开来”，然后引出负面例子，紧接着就引出了这句话：“这些案件提出了问题：究竟法庭和政治之间是否还存在界限。” 言下之意，法官和法庭和政治总是撇不清关系，符合全文导向。A. evade “规避，逃避” 和D项“处理，解决”，不符合上下文逻辑。C项“否决”和后面的“question whether…” 构不成搭配。题9 选A. line。上下文语义+固定搭配。“a line between…”：“在…存在或划清界限”。
题10选B. as。介词用法。envision…as… 把……预想成为… 题11选A. so。逻辑关系词。前后句明显是因果关系，so 引导一个结果状语从句。
题12选C. upset. 上下文语义题。“法官被赋予永恒地位，因而可以不用顾忌惩戒那些有权力的人。”其他三个选项均不符合上下文逻辑。
题13 选C. cultivate. 上下文语义题。“有了这种地位做保障，也就不需要再去花心思培养发展政治支持。”
题14 选D. tied。上下文语义题。“法制系统旨在将政治与法律相分隔，因为它们彼此联系太紧。”其他三项完全构不成干扰。
题15 选 A. concepts。词义辨析题。“liberty”和“property”同属社会基本理念，而不是theories (理论) 或divisions (分支)。D项conception 常指具体的或个人的理念而非笼统意义的理念。
题16 选C. shapes。考查熟词僻义。“Shape a plan”，作出计划。本词所在的句子为省略了that 的定语从句。“当法院处理社会政策决议的问题时，它们制定出来的法律将不可避免的政治化。”
题17 选A. dismissed。考查熟词僻义。Dismiss 在这里意为“拒绝考虑，遭拒”。“这就解释了为什么不同意识形态导致的决议分歧
总是被认为不公正因而不予考虑。
题18 选C. address。依然考查熟词僻义。最后一段提出建议。希望法官们必须处理人们对于法庭合法性的质疑。“address” 一词作为“处理，解决”的意思在完型中不是第一次出现。06年的完型中最后一段“address the needs of the homeless”，解决无家可归者的需求。只不过当年这里并没有设空。其他三项均不符合逻辑。
题19. 选D. accountable. 考查点：同义复现+熟词僻义。此题和第二段的题6构成同义复现。“be accountable to…”不是“可解释的”，而是指“有义务，对…负责”。“be agreeable to” 是“愉快的;同意的”;虽然也有“适合的，符合品位的”的意思，但题中to后面接的是code，不合逻辑。“agreeable to everybody: 适合于所有人”。A项“be accessible to…,可接近…，能得到的” 和B项“amiable” 和蔼可亲的，与主题无关。
题20. 选D. as a result。考查逻辑关系词。A项by all means 和B 项at all costs 用法一致，切含义相近，首先排除。C项in a word 是“总之”，总结全文下结论时用，而且多用在句首。这里and连接词前面的内容是“让法律法规和政治分离开来”，后面的内容是“更能服人”，显然两者是因果关系。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Text 1
21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as
根据第一段，同龄人的压力通常以什么样的状态出现： [A] a supplement to the social cure对于社会治疗的补充 [B] a stimulus to group dynamics对团队活力的刺激 [C] an obstacle to school progress学校进步的阻碍 [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors一些不良行为的原因 解析：答案为D。细节题：选项：a cause of undesirable behaviors对应文中It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs
and casual sex。题干中的often对应原文中的usually;选项中undesirable behaviors对应no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. lead与cause。同义替换，难度不大。
22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should 罗森博格认为公共支持者应该：
[A] recruit professional advertisers 招募职业的广告人
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience从广告人那里学习经验 [C] stay away from commercial advertisers 远离商业广告人 [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements认识到广告的局限性
解析：答案为B。细节题，首先根据题干中的关键词public advocates 和should 定位到：三段最后一句：Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure。分别对应句中的public-health advocates 和ought to，从四个选项中课看出来正确选项可能和advertiser或者advertisement有关，从而把目光锁定在take a page from advertisers，但是很多同学都不知道它是什么意思，但是这可从后文的，so skilled at applying，(也能熟练的运用)，再对照四个选项不难选出正确答案B，学习才能运用啊。
23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to 作者认为Rosenberg的书未能：
[A] adequately probe social and biological factors 足够的探究社会和生物因素
[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure有效地逃避社会治疗的缺
[C] illustrate the functions of state funding 例证出国家基金的功能
[D]produce a long-lasting social effect产生长期的社会影响 解析：答案为A。考查作者的观点;从题干中可看出，题目问的是Rosenberg’s book不能(怎么样)也就是问他的不足，通过book对
应第四段第二句的斜体为书名，对应题干中的book, 指出不足;后面一句中的主语Join the Club 为此人所写，所以后面的表述就是他的观点：not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.：exploration对probe，同义替换，not enough exploration也和fails to adequately对应。这个题难度也不大，能明确定位，找到对应的句子，答案中的probe 可能是引起考试不敢选择A
答案的关键，在09年第三篇的的第四题中，当时很多同学选择错误答案B答案是因为B选项中除了prior这个单词不认识外，其他的刚好的文中定位处的同义替换，而很多同学都达成这样一个共识：和文章中某句话相似度很高的选项不会是正确选项，选项A与第四段第二句话相似度很高。基于这两方面的原因，不认识probe这个词的考生就不敢选择A答案了。
24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors 第五段表明对于行为的模仿：
[A] is harmful to our networks of friends 对于朋友的网络是有害的
[B] will mislead behavioral studies 会误导对于行为的研究 [C] occurs without our realizing it 在没有意识到的时候就出现了
[D] can produce negative health habits 会产生不良的健康习惯 解析：答案为C。细节题;通过题干中imitation和behaviors可定位于第五段最后一句。This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day。对unconsciously，subtle这个词在我们04年第二篇文章的第二题的答案中出现过，04年第二篇文章关于社会中按字母排序现象的这篇文章时应该有印象，我们的27题的答案选择的是D 答案：Some form of discrimination is to subtle to recognize,大家可以看一下这道题和以前考过的题出现的相似性。
25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect
of peer pressure is
作者在最后一段中认为同龄人压力的效果是： [A] harmful 有害的 [B] desirable 令人满意的 [C] profound 意义深远的 [D] questionable 值得怀疑的
解析：答案为D。态度题考查作者对同龄人压力效果的态度，对应Far less certain, however, is…，第一句中in virtuous(正直的，有效的)directions。但是大家不认识也不会影响句子的理解，因为紧接着第二句在举例，就像那些老师为了将后排捣乱的学生分开而将他们和他们与表现好的学生安排在一块，The tactic never really works…(这些策略(方法)不是真正起作用的)表明作者认为同龄人压力效果是不确定的。
Text 2 2012
年考研英语阅读
Text2
的文章来源于
http://www..com/doc/4513395479.html
上的一篇评论性文章，题为Vermont Yankee plant’s owner must honor its own promises. 文章的题材属于信息科技类文章。讲述的是有关New England 一家公司购买了核电站后，不遵守核能源的一些相关规定后所引起的一些争议。就文章本身而言，放置在Reading的第二篇，难度不能算大。因为行文中，专业性术语和词汇不多，基本不影响考生对文章总体的理解。但是本篇文章中出现了一些相对比较生僻的词汇，如：renege on, aging reaction 等，但是通过上下文的揣摩和推测，要判断出这些生词的意思应该比较容易。所以整体而言，Text2的难度系数中等。题材合理。依旧是开篇直接引出问题所在。所以第一段应该是大家应该多加留心和关注的焦点。也有助于大家理解全文，把握文章的中心大意。
26. C
语义题。考的是一个词汇在文章中的特定含义。Reneging on 出现在文章中的第一段。我们先从选项入手。A. condemning 谴责B.
reaffirming 重申，再肯定C. dishonoring 拒付，丢脸，不光彩D. securing 保卫，保护从文中我们可以看到，公司的这种行为激起了公愤，是在当它…一个长期以来坚持遵守的承诺，有关遵守严格的核能源惯例。根据常识可以判断：此处一定是一个贬义词，所以才导致引起了群众的愤怒，并且需要和commitment构成动宾关系，所以综合考虑，可以先排除A和D选项。而B选项“重申”，是一个中性词，所以本句话的意思是：这个公司违反了惯例。正确选项为：C
27. A
事实细节题。“加入2002年的协议，Entergy本打算，，”需要把信息定位到文章第3段，第四行，“…the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.”公司同意2012年以后的运营需要在征得州相关管理规定的允许为前提条件。可以判断出：正确选项为A。即：打算得到来自Vermont 的管理规定的保护。应该是与原文属于同义替换。B 选项错在“Federal”一词上，扩大了范围。C选项的意思是：延长商业执照的有效期，误解了原文意思。D选项提到获得购买一个电厂的许可与原文中“已经购买了唯一的一个核电站”的描述不符，所以排除。
28. A
推断性实施细节题。文章第四段在讲：公司出现的另外一些如管道泄露等等问题也给公司造成了一定的影响。所以可以判断出，不仅仅是它违背核能源惯例这一项使得它进入了当下的困境中。而是公司本身内部也存在一系列的问题。纵观选项：A。管理实践B。技术创新C. 财务目标D. 商业前景那么属于公司的问题，并且是内部的，最终选项为A 管理实践方面出现的问题。和财务，前景以及技术方面都没有直接的关联。
29.B
事实细节题。作者认为Vermont 案例能检验出，，，我们可以把信息定位到文章第5段第4-5行：”…legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far these powers extend…” 我们可以得到是一种对权力的检测，检测各个州
所拥有的这种权利到底能延伸多远。所以对象应该是针对州，而不是公司。首先排除A 和C. 余下的B选项和D选项当中，B的意思是各州这些比较杂乱的制度的成熟程度，而D选项指的是在核问题上，各州权力的局限性。结合文章，我们最终选择B选项，因为文章更多的是在指各州如何来运用自己的权利，而非强调局限性。
30. B
推断题。提到一个关键词：NRC 需要定位到文章最后一个段落。文章最后一句提到：But as the NRC reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what from Entergy are worth。” 用排除法，可以先排除选项D 名誉可能会损坏与原文不符，因为原文说道is already damaged. 接下来，从文章中可以看到公司提出的申请是有关年限延长的申请而非能不能在Plymouth 的申请，所以可以排除选项C. 而A选项中提到公司在其他地方的生意会受到影响恰恰与文章描述相反。所以，综上所述，正确选项为B 也就是说这一系列的事件已经对
NRC 的权威构成了一种挑战。 Text 3 文章解析：
本文摘自The Scientist(《科学家》)2011年2月1日刊出的题为“The Evolution of Credibility”的文章。文章围绕“信度的演变”这一话题展开论述。科学是如何打造而成?在理想化的版本中，关于世界的事实有待客观的科研人员展开收集工作。但在实际的科研工作中，科学探索通常是不确定的复杂过程。每个人所固有的生活经验，知识和兴趣偏向影响科研的过程和结果。因此通常所说的研究成果，我们只能称之为前科学，即，处于假说或不完善阶段，有待验证的理论。如何才能让其完善成熟成为科学呢?首先需要接受来自相关领域知识界的验证。如，研究成果要发表，需过编辑和评论家那关;然后其他科研者可能会引用你的文章，可能会将其应用到科技上，也可能会出现新的研究成果。这个互动、共享、竞争的过程将单个的研究成果演变为公众的信度检测。
第四段描述信度演变过程存在的两个悖论。首先，科研工作者致力于研究不完善或错误的领域，他们极少对已经验证过的东西有兴趣。因此，新的研究成果会成为他们的聚焦目标，接受来自未来科研工作的不断挑战或否定。再者，新的研究成果本身就会引起质疑，你的研究成果即使是对的，也不一定能说服他人。有时候，一项正确的新的研究成果需要经过几年，几十年才能为大家所接受。最后，这项研究成果终于具备了信度。
31. A，答案在文章第一段第四行，ambiguous and complicated 与选项A. uncertainty and complexity同义词转换，为正确选项。
32. B 第二段第三句it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to …选项B表达了相同意思，为同义句。再者，第二段为承上启下段，后面的第三段对这个观点进行了详细论述。33. B，此为段落概括的考察，A是无关选项，文中没有提到;选项C，D为干扰项，只是文中所说的一个方面，以小概念偷换大概念，此为考研英语干扰项常见模式。
34. D，此题较难，很容易选错。首先，选项A，B可以排除，因为A，B是第一个悖论的观点，Albert的话属于第二个悖论。英语文章具有很强的逻辑性，且非常清晰，标点符号是最好的识别标志。另外，根据句子意思，选项C与段落关联不大，因此D为最佳答案。35. C，此题为全文主旨题，较为容易。
Text 4
这是出自经济学人杂志2011年3月11号的一篇文章，题为： Enemies of progress ：The biggest barrier to public- sector reform are the unions
36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that 从第一段能推出什么
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members. Teamsters依然有大量的会员
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant. Jimmy Hoffa曾经是一名公务员
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership. 工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists。
政府已经提升了其同工会会员之间的关系。
解析：段落推理题优先对应主题和转折;但是都没有，只能逐个排除：
[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members. Teamsters依然有大量的会员
文中没有提及
[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant. Jimmy Hoffa曾经是一名公务员
he would probably represent civil servant他可能会代表公务员，并不意味着他是公务员。
[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership。工会已经增加了其公共行业的会员only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do。
现在有36%确实增加了。正解!
[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists。
政府已经提升了其同工会会员之间的关系。 没有提及政府和工会会员之间的关系排除。
37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?根据第二段，下面那个答案是正确的
[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions。 公共行业的工会在采取行动是会更加谨慎
[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership。
公共行业的工会会员需要教育
[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector
unions。
工党同公共行业的工会长期斗争
[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions。
公共行业的工会很少由于他们的行为而惹麻烦。 解析：细节题中的which 题，只能一个个排除：
先看[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership。
公共行业的工会会员需要教育
文中说到了Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree。但是并没有说需要教育。
再看[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions。
工党同公共行业的工会长期斗争
Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism。
选项和原文间的表述是相反的。
再看[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions。
公共行业的工会很少由于他们的行为而惹麻烦。
First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences。
首先他们可以罢工而不遭受后果。 同义替换成功。
最后看[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions。 公共行业的工会在采取行动是会更加谨慎
这是一个很强烈的干扰项，但是文中并没有提到工会很谨慎，原文----选项A----选项B
最后答案只能选A而不能选B;B 为未提及选项。
38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is
从第四段可以推知公共行业的收入 [A] illegally secured。非法的安全 [B] indirectly augmented。间接的增加了 [C] excessively increased。过度的增加了 [D]fairly adjusted。公平的调整了
解析：细节题对应keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous。保持收入小幅上涨，但是增加假期特别是已经很慷慨的补助了。
主要是一个单词大家不认识augmented出题人开始耍无赖了，考研词汇大纲中并无此单词，不过根据另外一个副词是可以推出答案的。
39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions
威斯康辛州的工会的例子表明工会
[A]often run against the current political system。 通常和现行的政治系统相违背
[B]can change people’s political attitudes。 能够改变人们的政治态度
[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms。 可能是公共领域改革的障碍
[D]are dominant in the government。 受到政府的主导
解析：例证题找观点Reform has been vigorously opposed;之后的例子就应该围绕改革来讲。
40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of
John Donahue对于公共行业系统的他的态度是：
[A]disapproval。不赞同 [B]appreciation。欣赏 [C]tolerance。容忍 [D]indifference。漠不关心
解析：局部态度题，在转折的地方but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America出现bigger problem 表明了态度为disapproval。.
Part B
41. C 复现结构定位法+代词指代定位法
41题出现在段尾。复现结构“The second half of the 20th century”20世纪后半期，与“the turn of the millennium”千年之交。代词“such a device”指代“fabulous machine、typewriter and
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