What can education bring us？ Is “high mark” the real destiny of education？ As researchers and scholars are investigating this subject，the accurate definition of education begins to have slight difference from what was in people„s mind before. Education，the bridge between teachers and students，the mediator between individual and society，means more than knowledge transmit，but being a wholly developed person in the society.
First，education brings us basic knowledge and skill to survive. From primary school on，students learn subjects like Maths，Physics，English，or in other words，academic subjects to gain the initial knowledge of the nature and world，which are extremely useful for our future career. Upon this， students also learn skills like sewing，cooking，and mending bicycles，which help them a lot in their future family life. To this extend，education provided us with fundamental concepts of living.
Second，education can cultivate our sentiment. Apart from academic subjects， art subjects such as music and art seems more interesting toward students. From these subjects， one can enjoy the pleasure of listening to music， try to guess a composer„s emotion when writing a music chapter， or understand the meaning of a piece of drawing， from which process they themselves are edified and assimilated， and finally have their own clear opinion on what is beauty.
Third，education makes an individual adapted to the society. Being innocent and naive， young people always find it hard to immerge into the complicated environment， and feel frustrated. Through education like communication skills， students may know the essence of getting on with other people. This kind of education influences our personality and views everyone as a whole individual in the big family of society.
Above all，knowledge，emotion，and personality form the most important part of the content of education. The aim of education is to teach a per son become a completely developed individual.
论据扩展十二大法则
应该从以下12方面扩展： 经济（economy）、就业（employment）、时间（time）、空间（space）、心理（psychology）、生理（physiology）、环境（environment）、教育（education）、文化（culture）、科技（technology）、情感（emotion）和个人权利（human right）。
Some people think tobacco should be made illegal in the same way as other drugs because the products containing it are addictive. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
通过审题，此问题是否同意烟草行业被取缔。同意则要列举烟草的一系列缺点，反之不同意，可列举其优点。我们马上来看看十二大法则，当然不是每一项都应用，但是大多数都可以适用。
Advantages
经济：revenue-rising for the country and businessmen concerning this arena,
就业：offer the opportunities of employment in various fronts, including manufacturing, transporting, selling, governing, for residents 时间：killing the time
心理：relieve one‟s pressure
文化：forming / shaping cigar culture Disadvantages
经济：money-consuming for smokers 生理：be addictive to it,
harmful to smokers‟ health, leading to lung cancer 环境：air pollution potential hazard of fire
空间：passive smoking / second-hand smoking 情感：be overly-dependent on smoking
用了上述办法，扩展出来的论据就能更加全面，有条理。下面我们再列举一个题目，来做brainstorming。
Many people are optimistic about the 21st century and see it as an opportunity to make positive changes to the world. To what extent do you agree or disagree with their optimism?
通过审题，此题无非就是我们21世纪是利大于弊还是弊大于利，所以只要列举21世纪发展的优缺点就可以了。我将通过之前介绍的十二大法则来进行素材的扩展。 Advantages
经济：economy be promoted, efficiency be increased 科技：advanced technology facilitates people’s life
时间：time-saving when conducting various kinds of activities 个人权利：humanrights be laid more emphasis on
心理：increasing number of recreational activities to help people relieve from pressure Disadvantages
就业：growing population, fierce competition
心理：pressure coming from a range of aspects
环境：environmental pollution continuing getting worse
以上两个题目都运用了十二大原则，可见其具有很强的适用性，能够帮助考生在短时间内扩展话题的素材，且较全面。在长期的使用中，专家发现，在这十二大原则中，有些原则基本可以在几个相近话题的题目中运用，因此我们可以给它们起个名字“万能原则”，如经济和就业原则，则可以应用在只要是牵涉到“工业”的话题，如smoking，tourism，mobile phones，computers，writing letters（post office）等等。老师和学生们都可以在平时的使用中做一个总结，使十二大法则能信手拈来。但是，要提醒大家的是，仅仅记住这些原则是没用的，考生在考前一定要进行大量的练习，而老师也要在课堂上选取典型的例题进行讲解，这样对考生加快Brainstorming的速度和提高Brainstorming的能力才有帮助。
雅思写作：如何写好背景句
三方面介绍背景句： I 背景介绍：
在具体写作的过程中，考生要遇到的第一步事情应该是引言段的写作。俗话说，万事开头难。很多考生不知道如何开头，浪费时间，导致无法在规定时间内完成250个单词的大作文。其实，就笔者归纳，引言段可先通过对background 的描写来引出话题。
II Background 方法介绍
笔者就从教来的总结归纳来介绍Background的写作，认为应该从内容同句型上同时做到补充。下面先给大家介绍下扩充背景句的方法：
1）. 追根溯源法。即从题目给出的话题中找出这个现象产生的原因来扩展背景句。这种方法适合大多数的话题，考生要尽量在考前做练习，这样在考试就可以得心应手了。
请看下面的例子：
There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones? (高分范文P76)
这个题目中给出的话题是mobile phone，所以考生可以从它产生的原因来考虑，就是科技的繁荣，而科技的繁荣，手机的广泛使用是在20世纪末，这样背景句就有内容可写了。当然要通过相应的句型来写了。如
„ (time) witnessed …
这个背景句就可以写成：The late 20th century witnessed the boom of science and technology, which gave rise to a series of technological innovations, including the mobile phone.
再看一例：
Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?
这题要求大家讨论大学是提供职业技能还是传授知识。那从传统观点来看，大学是传授知识的地方，为什么会提出要传授技能呢，所以这里考生也可以用追根溯源法思考下，大家肯定可以想到是由于找工作已经成为当今教育的目的之一了，所以很多大学就转移到以传授技能为主了。那当然还是要结合句型，这里可以用as 引导的原因状语从句。
参考：As job-hunting has become one of the main purposes of university education, the majority of the universities tend to offer vocational trainings to prepare the students for their future career.
2）. 重述法。即对关于这个话题的当前现状的重述。 请看一例：
Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to combat it。
本题的话题关于压力，那考生可从当前社会现象来考虑这个问题，考生不难想出当下对压力这一现象的情况，即很多人都在承受着或多或少的压力。可用it is generally believed that „形式主语的句型。
参考: It is generally believed that white-collar as well as blue-collars workers are suffering from psychological and physical stress stemming from work.
再看一例：
Environmental problem is too big for individual countries and individual people to address.
In other words, we have reached the stage where the only way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
本题话题为环境问题，考生也可用重述法对当前环境问题进行重述，这时，可以用In modern society/ At present, 等表时间的介词短语来引导一个叙述句型。
参考：In modern society, environment related issues have confronted ecological scientists, government agencies and the general public. (引自雅思高分范文p16)
3）. 定义法。即通过对话题词的定义的介绍，这种方法有一定难度，考生需要有渊博的知识，才能做到对名词的解释，但对特别明显的词语，考生可借鉴这种方法。
请看一例：
The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
本题中的话题词为图书馆，可以解释的词也是图书馆比较方便容易。那么到底如何解释呢，比如说图书馆在传统意义上来看，是收藏书的地方，而现在因为科技发展，使得图书馆的意义发生改变，从而引出话题。这里同样可以用形式主语：
It is generally believed that public libraries are places with a large collection of books; however, the digital time has given it a new means of storing and retrieving information.
【写作技巧】雅思图表作文的5个误解
No.1 分析图表背后的原因
这是中国学生的习惯性毛病，写作文时候总喜欢写上为什么。雅思小作文是客观性写作，只要求通过图表描述和总结，不能写上为什么，不需要解释。参照剑5 TEST 1中曲线图，日本在2030年左右65岁人口数量预计要陡增，但我们只要求写出事实，不要求写出陡增的原因！
No.2 连接词我用了，句子之间的连接也有了，文章完成没问题了
在评分标准第二点中明确提到了Coherence and Cohesion(连贯与衔接)，可见是一个相当重要的得分参考点。而很多中国学生的作文中充满了then, after, before等这样单调的低级连接词，最后的得分自然不会上去。合理的使用一些从句，关联词会使你的句子看起来更加精炼和有创意。
No.3 趋势描写就是increase和decrease以及level off
同学们在描写趋势的上升或下降的时候常常只用到了一个increase & decrease+副词的模式。殊不知对上升下降的描写我们可以采取至少三种的描写方式动词+副词，形容词+名词以及把上升下降的词换做形容词来使用。这也就正好避免了评分标准四Grammatical Range and Accuracy(语法范围与精确)中的陷阱。 No.4 有多少种属性分多少段，有多少图分多少段
关于information的organizing 和paragraphing也是一个很重要的得分参照点。剑4 TEST3中是一张技工，本科，学士，研究生(论坛) ，硕士以及博士的男女数量分布图。很多同学在中间描述段的时候将其按照学位的排列顺序分成了六段来写，这又让你的内容变得复杂和臃肿了！为何不按照性别来分段呢？只需要两段就可以将图表内容梳理清楚。所以建议大家在动笔之前首先在自己的头脑中有一个最为清晰和直观明了的分段。
No.5 Ending 总结段可有可无，可加主观观点
在最后的结尾段，建议考生为求文章结构板块的完整性，起到首尾呼应的作用，用1-2句话重申图表突出特征，总结图表反映的现象，揭示其规律和本质。切忌添加主观观点！图表没有反映的信息，绝对不写，也不要随意乱猜！
让步段在大作文中的应用
让步段是一种实用性很强的写作段落，对话题的支持会起到非常好的效果。根据多年的教学经验和实践，笔者发现让步段非常适用于五段式的雅思大作文里。本文中，专家将就让步段的主要写法作一个系统的小结: 一．五段式中用于第三个主体段
在五段式的大作文中，三个主体段一般都是以“单边”的方式，“一边倒”的支持某一个观点。而若将最后一个主体段写成让步段，不仅可以照顾到反方的论点，而且更有利于进一步支持和强化本段的观点，从而起到强化论述的效果：
Obviously, not every celebrity is generous. Some, I am sure, keep all their money for themselves. But there are people like Bill Gates who are well known for making donations, attending charitable functions and taking part in a range of activities that support people less fortunate than themselves.
在写让步段的时候，我们必须要使用表“转折”的连词，常用的有but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless等。有时候我们还可以使用让步状语从句来引导让步段，涉及的连词有：despite, in spite of, although, though, even though, even if等。在上面这个例子中，我们看到作者用了2个简单句来描写反面的观点，对于用来描写反面观点的句子，建议一般以1—3句话为宜，而转折后的句子，通常在长度上要超过前面的句子。下面我们再来看一个让步段：
题目：Very few school children learn about the value of money and how to look after it, yet this is a critical life skill that should be taught as part of the school curriculum. Do you agree with this statement?
It is possibly true that schools could try to make children understand the importance of all these areas, but children are young and cannot look into the future or predict the skills that they will need.
上面这个让步段非常简洁，请注意作者使用的句型：“It is possibly true that...”，这是我们在让步段里经常用来开头的句型。下面我们再来看看如何用让步状语从句引导让步段：
Although watching TV or playing computer games do enrich children‟s spare time and broaden their horizon to some extent, a sedentary lifestyle reduces healthy outdoor activities and will have long-term medical consequences for children. An increasing number of children suffer from obesity and near-sightedness as a result of spending too much time in front of a flashing screen.
在这个段落中，作者使用了让步状语从句，在继续论述“久坐”的生活方式对孩子健康方面的弊端前，先说了一下它的优点，进而反驳，从而起到了鲜明的对比反差效果，突出了这种生活方式对孩子健康造成的巨大伤害。 二. 五段式每段都用让步段
这种写法属于非主流写法，需要考生具备一定的写作功底，对论点的把握火候得当。这种写法类似于新托福中综合写作里质疑论据合理性的写法。对于志在高分的同学来说可以尝试一下，下面我们就来看一个例子：
Those against the use of animal testing claim that it is inhumane to use animal in experiments. I disagree completely. It would be much more inhumane to test new drugs on children or adults. Even if it were possible, it would also take much longer to see potential effects, because of the length of time we live compared to laboratory animals such as rats or rabbits.
Opponents of animal testing also claim that the results are not applicable to humans. This may be partly true. Some drugs have had to be withdrawn, despite testing. However, we simply do not have alternative methods of testing. Computer models are not advanced enough, and testing on plants is much less applicable to humans than tests on animals such as monkeys. Until we have a better system, we must use animal testing.
A further point often raised against animal testing is that it is cruel. Some of the tests certainly seem painful, but the great majority of people on this planet eat meat or wear leather without any guilt. Where is their sympathy for animals? Furthermore, animals clearly do not feel the same way as humans, and scientists are careful to minimize stress in the animals, since this would damage their research.
这篇作文是关于是否应该拿动物做实验的话题。作者是支持继续拿动物做实验的，在他的每个主体段中，他都是先讲了反对者的一个观点，然后再反驳。请密切关注下作者在每个主体段首句中使用的句型：“Those against... claim that...”；“Opponents of ... also claim that...”；“A further point often raised against ... is that...”。前2句为宾语从句，最后一句为表语从句。从主语的选择上作者也花了心思，分别在第一句和第二句使用了不同单词组合，但是意思是一致的。因此建议大家不妨在一开始写主体段首句的时候先模仿他的这种写法。接下来我们再来看看次句的句型：“I disagree completely”；“This may be partly true”；“Some of the ..., but...”。这三组句型同样做到了抑扬顿挫，第一个句子语气最强，而后二个句子语气明显递减。对于这种安排，笔者认为并非一定要按照他的模式，这取决于你在三个段落中的观点的排列，但是一般来说，语气最强的或者最重要的那个观点，要么放在第一段写，要么放到最后一段里写。笔者推荐将最重要的观点放在第一个主体段里论述。
综上所述，让步段已经俨然成为了目前五段式大作文的常用段落发展方式，希望以上的讨论对大家在写让步段时有所启迪。
雅思作文评分标准及高分范文
雅思作文以“内容”，“逻辑结构”，“语法的准确使用和范围”以及“词汇量”作为评分标准，我们要获得雅思作文高分，就要以这四个方面作为准备重点。来看看下面这篇雅思作文范文是怎么修改的吧。
雅思作文的评分标准包括四个方面： Task Response
Coherence and Cohesion Lexical Resource
Grammatical Range and Accuracy
雅思的4Gates就是其评分标准，分别为“内容”，“逻辑结构”，“语法的准确使用和范围”以及“词汇量”四个标准。根据下面的全面修改案例，读者可以清楚的看到一篇5.5分的雅思范文是如何在修改之前蜕变成为高分作品。
Cambridge 8 – Test 2
Nowadays the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make? Has this become a positive or negative development? 原文：
Nowadays the way people interact with each other has changed because of technology.
Yes, the technology has changed the people‟s interaction in very enhanced manner. Earlier people use to wait and try to find easy way to contact their friends or relatives leaving far. In past there was no quick technology to contact or to establish any communication between one person to another person. The drawback with past communication systems was that it were very slow and were time taking process such as telegrams, letter etc. People used to afraid to write their personal feedbacks or things to their love ones due to insecure medium of communication. When it comes to professional level, the privacy and accuracy should be maintain but, to that time there were no secure communications.
Now the things have changed around, people from far distance contact their loves one in an easy and quick ways which improves the interaction level between two person. Quality the level of the interaction between people to people, has improved because the people are equipped with high-tec technology which enhances the communication. There are many many medium which are available now such as internet, called cards etc.
The technology has provided the mobility faster which help people to talk or to interact at any time anywhere in the world.
People can contact their friend or relatives any time they want. It has become so easier and feriendly to be in touch with your feriends, relatives even with the unknown people.
原文翻译：
今天，由于科技的发展人们相互交流的方式也发生了变化。
是的。技术改善了人们的交流方式。以前人们总是期待找到方便的方法联系居住在异地的亲朋好友。以前没有高效的技术帮助人们沟通交流。以往的通讯系统的问题是速度慢，费时间，比如：电报和信件等。在过去，人们不敢给爱人写一些私密的事情因为担心通信不够安全。专业的通信技术应该是安全的、准确的，但是在当时根本没有安全的通信可言。
现在，这些事情已经改变了，住在远处的人们利用一种高效的方式联系他们的爱人。这些方式改善了人们之间的交流方式。因为人们使用了改善交流的高科技，所以他们交流的方式已经得到改善。现在有了很多这类媒体，比如：国际互联网、语音卡等。
这些技术提供了更快的移动性，帮助人们在任何时间、世界上的任何地方与他人沟通。 现在人们能够在任何时间联系亲朋好友。和朋友、家人以及陌生人的沟通变得更容易了。 （注：上述的习作存在语法错误和表达错误，因此对应的翻译也有一定出入。） Sample Answer:
This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 5.5 score. Here is the examiner‟s comment:
这是一位考生写的5.5分作文。下面是考官的评语。
The topic introduction has been copied from the task and is deducted from the word count. This leaves the answer underlength at 236 words, so the candidate loses marks for this.
文章的开篇是从题目中抄来的，所以不能算字数。剩下的只有236个字，考生因此失分。
This answer addresses both questions, but the first is not well covered in terms of how actual relationships have changed. Nevertheless, there is a clear opinion that the effects have been positive and relationships have improved, with some relevant ideas to support this. There is a general progression to the argument, with some effective use of time markers and linkers. There is also some repetition, however. Paragraphing is not always logical, and ideas are not always well linked. A range of vocabulary that is relevant to the topic is used, including some precise and natural expressions. There are quite a lot of mistakes in word form, word choice or spelling, but these do not usually reduce understanding. A variety of sentence type is used, but not always accurately. Errors in grammar and punctuation are distracting at times, but only rarely cause problems for the reader.
此文回答了两个问题，但是在回答第一个问题时，并没有充分讨论问题中关于现实中的关系是如何变化的。但是，文章展示了清晰的观点（这些影响都是好的，而且这些关系都有所改善）并配以相关的观点支持。文章的论证循序渐进，使用了很多表示时间的提示词以及连接词，但是个别有些重复。分段不够逻辑，而且一些观点没有充分的关联。使用了一些与主题相关的词汇，包括准确并自然的表达。虽然有一些词性、词义以及拼写错误，但是并不会太影响理解。使用了各种句型，但是很多不太准。语法错误和标点错误有时会干扰理解，但是不会给读者产生太大的麻烦。 修改意见：
本文共有两个问题，其中第一个问题在考生的作品中被忽略了。 In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make? 对于这样的问题，可以单独使用一段来回答。参考如下： 思路问题 Model: Communication Technologies not only have great effects on the relations living apart but also have changed the way people befriend. Specifically, the employment of the mobile phone and webs helps friends and relatives keep in touch with each other and exchange emotions anywhere anytime; the popularity of webs and the use of online chatting tools ease people to meet some new people who have their same ideas or characteristics as those of them. 大意：通讯技术不但对身处异地的亲朋好友之间有着巨大的影响，而且也在很大程度上改变了人们结识新朋友的方式。具体来说，手机和网络的使用使得亲朋好友之间可以随时随地沟通消息、传递情感；网络的普及以及聊天软件的使用让很多人更容易认识一些和他们志同道合或是有着共同点的素未谋面的新朋友。
流畅、连贯性问题 见下文
语法问题: 见下文
词汇问题： 见下文
修改后：
Nowadays,.(It is true that technology has shifted people‟s communicative ways. 利用It is true that的句式突出后面的事件；Change和shift是同义词替换；the way people interact和communicative way是同义词替换。这样的变化可以避免引用题目中的原词。)
（拒绝非正式的用法。）The technology has changed the people‟s interaction in very enhanced manner. Earlier people used（前后时态必须一致。）to wait and try to find easy ways（名词单复数）to contact their friends or relatives leaving far. In the past, there was no （词汇使用不当，应该改成effective）technology to contact others or to establish any communication between two people. And（重要的连接词，表示本句和上一句共同解释为什么“人们一直在期待找到更有效的通讯方式。”）the drawback ofthe past communication systems was that they （指代不清，这里指代的是communication systems）were too （表示“太”。）slow and were time-consuming （表示“费时”）, including （这是应该使用分词形式，表示对主句的communication ways的具体描述。）the telegrams, the letter etc. Not only that,（这里需要连接词）people used to be afraid to write their personal feedbacks or things to their loved ones because of （because of 强调“外因”；due to 强调“根据”）information security （根据上下文理解，此处应该表达的是“信息安全”）of communication. (They worried their letters might be stolen or read by some strangers.这里可以继续描述人们的担心。)
However，（上文主要讨论过去的情况，而接下来将讨论现在的变化）now the things have changed around.（必须避免使用“，”连接两个句子。正确的处理方法是，要么采用断句的方法，要么添加连词。）People in a long distance contact their lovesd one in (effective and efficient) ways, which improve（主谓一致，which代替ways。）the interaction level between two persons.
Quality （用词重复）of the interaction between people and people（主谓之间不能添加“，”。）has been improved（这里使用被动是因为沟通质量的提升是因为技术的发展。）because they are equipped with high-techdevices which enhances their communication. There are many（重复）mediummediaavailable such as internet, called cards etc.So the technology has provided better mobility , which help people to talk or keep in touch with each other at any time anywhere in the world.（不应该单独成段，应该和上一段结合在一起。）（本句应该被删除，因为没有提出任何新的观点，并且与上文的句子非常重复。）
雅思作文范文高分示例（1）图表作文
“目的明确”，“主题鲜明”，“结构配置得当”是优秀图表作文的三大基本要素。数据和词汇的堆砌，甚至单词的改写永远无法打动阅卷考官，给你一个高分。大家可以参考以下的结构安排，内容填充来提升自己的作文水平。 原图来源于剑桥雅思8，即Cambridge 8。 小作文：- 图表作文
1. Summarize 写作目的、最重要的信息 2. Make comparisons 归类、 控制好下面的内容：
1、开篇:明确指出文章的写作目的 a) 随着时间，变化 b) 大小的比较
2、结尾：结合写作目的，明确的给出图表中最为重要的信息 a) 看变化：哪些对象上升，哪些对象下降，哪些不变 b) 看比较：哪个对象是“最好王者”
3、细节分类讨论，给出一些支持结论的证据或过程
分段模式：2+X （2代表开篇和结尾；X代表分类的结果和图形的数量）
开篇：
1）重点要突出“写作目的”change or compare “C&C”
2）名词照抄，动词和抽象名词替换，时间和地点不变，但要突出“指代”
下面是一篇以描述比较为主的文章范例：选材
e.g. Cambridge 8 – Test 1
The chart compares the proportions of overgrazing, over-cultivation, deforestation and others. The table compares the percentages of overgrazing, over-cultivation and deforestation in North America, Europe and Oceania during 1990–2000. 文章的开篇与提示句不同之处在于：你是在看过图表后产生的具体的描述。 结尾：
Overall, it is clear that overgrazing, over-cultivation and deforestation are main causes of global land degradation, and that the primary causes of land degradation in the three areas were different :
North America (Over-cultivation), Europe (Deforestation), and Oceania (Overgrazing), and Europe had the most seriously affected land of the three countries.
中间段：- 分段，每段的主题句如何支持最后的结论 X= 2
第一段：第一句：最大值， while第二句：接近的值归类. However, 其余的不重要的值 The most primary cause of land degradation in the world is over-grazing, accounting for 35%, while other two main causes are over-cultivation and deforestation, occupying 28% and 30% respectively. The reminder only takes up 7%.
23% of land in Europe was degraded, which was the most serious, and 9.8% of land degradation was caused by deforestation, as well as 7.7% (over-cultivation) and 5.5% (overgrazing). 13% of land in Oceania was spoiled, and 11.3% of land spoiled was because of over-grazing, while 5% of land was degraded in North America, and 3.3% of the land degradation was subject to over-cultivation.
A complete composition
The chart compares the proportions of overgrazing, over-cultivation, deforestation and others. The table compares the percentages of overgrazing, over-cultivation and deforestation in North America, Europe and Oceania during 1990–2000. 文章的开篇与提示句不同之处在于：你是在看过图表后产生的具体的描述。
The most primary cause of land degradation in the world is over-grazing, accounting for 35%, while other two main causes are over-cultivation and deforestation, occupying 28% and 30% respectively. The reminder only takes up 7%.
23% of land in Europe was degraded, which was the most serious, and 9.8% of land degradation was caused by deforestation, as well as 7.7% (over-cultivation) and 5.5% (overgrazing). 13% of land in Oceania was spoiled, and 11.3% of land spoiled was because of over-grazing, while 5% of land was degraded in North America, and 3.3% of the land degradation was subject to over-cultivation.
Overall, it is clear that overgrazing, over-cultivation and deforestation are main causes of global land degradation, and that the primary causes of land degradation in the three areas were different : North America (Over-cultivation), Europe (Deforestation), and Oceania (Overgrazing), and Europe had the most seriously affected land of the three countries.
下文是一篇以描述趋势变化为主的范文：素材来自Cambridge 8 Test 2
开篇和结尾–重点强调写作的目的是：变化；结论重点回应这些对象是如何变化的。将占比例最大的对象名称，作为次要内容，写在开头段是为了保持文章的前后一致。
The charts illustrate changes of yearly costs by the school in the Years 1981, 1991 and 2001. In the three years, teachers‟ salaries were always the main cost.
Overall, it is clear that the school spent more on teachers‟ salaries, furniture and equipment, and insurance, but less on other workers „salaries and resources. 中间段：X = 3
A complete composition
The charts illustrate changes of yearly costs by the school in the Years 1981, 1991 and 2001. In the three years, teachers‟ salaries were always the main cost.
In 1981, teachers‟ salaries accounted for the highest percentage, with 40%. Other workers‟ salaries took up 28%, while resources and furniture & equipment did the same percentages, 15%. Insurance was the minimal.
However, during 1981 – 2001 the percentage of teachers‟ salaries rose up to 45%, ever peaking at 50% in 1991. That of furniture & equipment also increased to 23%, but reaching the bottom at 5% in 1991, while that of insurance was increasing to 8%.
On the other hand, the percentage of other workers‟ salaries was declining to 15%. That of resource also decreased to 9%, though reaching the summit of 20%.
Overall, it is clear that the school spent more on teachers‟ salaries, furniture and equipment, and insurance, but less on other workers „salaries and resources.
为雅思加分的100个高频英语短语
1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkableimprovement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology
4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that„
6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否认 It is undeniable that„/ There is no denying that„
9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10. 有争议性的问题 a controversialissue
11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12.一些人„而另外一些人„ Some people„ while others„
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就„达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on„
15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点 argument on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in„
18.对„必不可少 be indispensableto„
19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:
20.„也不例外„be no exception
21.对„产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on„
22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation
27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden
30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration
31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective
32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts
33. 对„有益 be beneficial / conducive to„
34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for„
36.综合素质comprehensivequality
37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach
38.加大了„的可能性 increase the chances of
39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to„
40. 应当承认 Admittedly,
41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty
42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of„
43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information
44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources
45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient
47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life
48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue
52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latteropinion
53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way
55. 理论和实践相结合integratetheory with practice
56. „必然趋势 an irresistible trend of„
57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition
58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest
59.长远利益. interest in the long run
60.„有其自身的优缺点„ has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorableconditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62.取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.
63.对„有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65.跟上„的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with
the latest development of …
66.采取有效措施来„ take effective measures to do sth.
67.„的健康发展 the healthy development of „
68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides.(不推荐用。。。)
No garden without weeds.
69.对„观点因人而异 Views on „vary from person to person.
70.重视 attach great importance to„
71.社会地位 social status
72.把时间和精力放在„上 focus time and energy on„
73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scopeof knowledge
74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally
75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to„
76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal
77. 可以取代“think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担relievestress/ burden
79.优先考虑/发展„ give (top) priority to sth.
80.与„比较 compared with„/ in comparison with
81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary.
82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大写)
83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities
85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress
86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that„
87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutualunderstanding
88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of
89.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure
90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society
91.更多地强调 put more emphasis on„
92.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society
93.实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true
94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:
95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with
96.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place
97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally, Moreover, Furthermore
98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,
99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,
100.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go
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