1．civil: adj. 民用的，国内的/国民间的，公民的/平民的；民事/民法的；文明的/有教养的。 civil aviation 民用航空 civil war 内战 a civil right 公民权 a civil case民事案件 civil society 文明社会 keep a civil tongue 说文明话
2．dam: n. 坝，堤，水闸 Three Gorges Dam 三峡大坝 3．hydro-electric: adj. 水力发电的 a hydroelectric (power) station 水电站 4．reservoir: n. 水库；储藏/汇集 a storing reservoir 贮水池
The big storms in August refilled the reservoirs. 八月的暴雨又使水库积满了水。 Enterprise must have a reservoir of cheap labor. 企业应储备廉价的劳动力。
5．structure: n. 结构/构造；建筑物
soil structure土壤结构 the structure of society/the rocks 社会结构/岩石结构
The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world. 铁塔是世上最著名建筑物之一。
vt. 组织； 安排； 构造； 制定
She hoped that more activities like this could be structured. 她希望能组织更多这类活动。
6．terminal: adj. 末端的/终点的/极限的；末期/晚期的。
The car has reached its terminal speed and can run faster no longer. 车速已达极限，不能跑更快了。
He is in the terminal stage of cancer. 他正处于癌症晚期。
n. 终点站，候机厅，(机场的)集散地。 a terminal station 终点站 a terminal examination 大考，学期考试 a container terminal 集装箱码头
7．date: vi. 始于(某一历史时期)；属于(某时期) 导学P69-2 His decline dates from last summer. 他身体的衰弱是从去年夏天开始的。 This church dates back to 1173. 这座教堂早在1173年就建成了。
date from / back to：属于(…时期)；始于…；追溯到…。 做谓语时常用一般现在时，且无被动语态。
This custom dates back several centuries. 这种习惯已经存在几个世纪了. The castle dates back to the 14th century. 这座城堡从14世纪起就开始有了。 This church dates back to1173. 这座教堂始建于1173年。 Mr Black is my old friend. Our friendship dates from/back to 1985. 布莱克先生是我的老朋友。我们的友谊始于1985年。 The bridge， which _____ 1688， needs repairing.
A. is dated from B. was dated from C. dates from D. dated from
Standing on the top of the mountain is an ancient tower _____ from hundreds of years ago. A. dated B. to be dating C. dating D. to be dated
1) v. 注明日期/加日期于…。 The letter is dated July 20. 那封信的日期是7月20日。 2) n．日期；年代；时代；约会。 What’s the date today？
out of date过时/期的，陈旧的 to date 到目前为止 up to date最新式的，现代的 fix/set a date for选定…的日期 have/make a date with 和…约会/定 go out for a date出去约会
break/cut a date 失约 keep a date 守约
Have you set a date for the wedding？ 婚礼的日子定下来了吗？ She wears clothes that are right up to date. 她穿着最时髦的衣服。
8．accommodate： vt. 供应，供给；使适应；向…提供；容纳； vi.适应 导学P70-4-2 accommodate sth. to sth.：适合/迎合，迁就 accommodate sb. for the night： 留某人过夜 v. 1) 使适应 accommodate to sth. accommodate oneself to... 使自己适应于… I need accommodate myself to the new schedule. 需要让自已适应新的作息时间。 If you enter a dark room from the outside brightness， your eyes will have to take a while to accommodate to the darkness. 如果从外面明亮之处进入一间黑屋，眼睛需要一段时间去适应黑暗。
Wherever he goes，he can accommodate himself to new circumstances. 无论走到哪都能适应新环境。
2) 容纳 hold/seat/contain。 后面直接加表示数量的词。如：
The hotel can accommodate more than / up to 500 guests. 这间旅馆可以容纳500位以上的旅客。
This hall can accommodate over three thousand people. 这个大厅能容纳三千余人。 3) 提供食宿，安排住宿； 给…提供方便 accommodate sb. with sth.
He will accommodate me with the use of his house while he is abroad.他在国外期间将把房给我使用。
The government accommodates the people who become homeless in the big earthquake. The bank will accommodate you with a loan.
9．construction: n. 建造，建设，建筑(物/业) be under construction 正在建造中 There are two new hotels under construction. 有两家新饭店正在兴建。 He works in construction. 他在建筑行业工作。
10．relic: n. (历史的)遗迹；遗物 relics of an ancient city 古城遗迹 unearthed cultural relics of the Han Dynasty 出土的汉代文物
11．site: n. 场所，遗址 a construction site 工地 a suitable site for a factory 适于建工厂的地点
a nuclear test site 核试验场 the site of an ancient city 古城遗址 12．generate: vt. 发(电)，生成/产生；引起， 导致。
generate electricity 发电 generate excitement 使人激动 generate resentment 导致不满
13．harness: vt. 利用/治理，将(自然力)变成动力。
harness a river 治河 The Yellow River has been harnessed. 黄河已被治理。 Scientists have known how to harness the limitless power of the sun 利用无穷尽的太阳能
14．historical: adj. 历史(学)的，有关历史的。 导学P73-10
a historical event 历史事件 historical materialism 历史唯物主义 a historical personage 历史人物
historic: adj. 历史上有名的，具有重大历史意义的。 historic spot 历史古迹 This is a historic occasion. 这是具有重大历史意义的时刻。
15．narrow: adj. 狭窄的；狭隘的 in a narrow sense 在狭义上
narrow majority/victory/defeat 微弱多数/险胜/勉强击败 have a narrow escape 死里逃生，险些遇险
move in a narrow circle of friends 生活在狭小的朋友圈子中
The bridge is too narrow for two cars to pass. 这桥太窄， 并排通不过两辆车。 v．(使)变窄 narrow down缩小…的范围。
The river narrows at this point. 河在这里变窄了。 The road narrows here. 路在这儿变窄了。 The doctor narrows his study. 医生缩小了他的研究范围。
narrowly： adv. 勉强地，差一点儿；狭隘地。 She narrowly won the first race. 首轮比赛她涉险过关。
He narrowly escaped being drowned. 他险些被淹死。
16．submerge: vt. 浸入水中，淹没 The flood submerged the town. 洪水淹没了市镇。 The river overflowed and submerged the farmland. 河水泛滥， 淹没了农田。 The submarine can submerge very quickly. 潜艇能非常迅速地潜入水中。
17．global: adj. 全球的/全世界的；整体的/总括的/全面的。 globe n. 地球/世界；球体/球状物；地球仪
The earth is a global mass. 地球是一个球形体
The global audience 全世界的听众(或观众) the global sum 总计
The crisis here caught the global attention. 这里的危机引起了全世界的注意。
18．remove： vt. 1) 移动，除去，移交；vi. 迁移，搬家 导学P73-11
remove...from...把…从…移开 remove from...to... 从…搬到… remove sb. from one’s position as chairman 撤去某人的主席职务
remove the family to the seashore 把家搬到海边 remove the troops to the front 把部队调往前线
remove one’s doubts/fears 消除某人的疑虑/恐惧 remove one’s hat /coat 脱帽/脱衣 remove the causes of disease 消除疾病的根源 Kindly remove the dishes. 请把碗盏端走。 What do you advise for removing ink from my clothes？ 你认为采用何办法能清除我衣上的墨迹？
He removed all the books from the desk before leaving the company. 离开前搬走了桌上所有书。
2) vi. 开除，免职. be removed from school开除；被勒令退学
He was removed from school for playing truant too often. 他因逃学太多被开除了。
3)vt. 脱掉；摘掉 = take off。 I recognized him after he removed his dark glasses. 摘掉墨镜才认出来。
区别： remove/move
(1) remove强调完全放弃原地方而到达新位置，有时相当于take away/off。表“迁居”时，二者均可。
He removed the mud from his shoes.
(2) move强调位置和姿态改变。move in迁新居，move out搬出，move away搬走，move on继续移动。
Will you help me move this table？ We are moving/removing from London to the country. 19．freezing： adj. 冷冰冰的，极冷的/严寒的。 导学P78-5 the freezing point 冰点 freezing cold极冷 above/below freezing零度以上/以下
What freezing weather！ 好冷的天气！
It is freezing outside， and put on your winter coat. 外面很冷， 穿上你的大衣吧。 The temperature has dropped to the freezing point. 气温已降到了冰点。 It must be five degrees below freezing today. 今天气温一定达到了零下五度。 freeze/ froze/ frozen： v. 结冰；冻住；冻结(资金；账户；工资；存款等)
freeze (sb.) to death(把某人)冻死 be frozen to death被冻死 freeze money冻结资金 When the temperature is at 0℃， water will freeze.
frozen: adj. 冷冻的；冷藏的，僵住。 frozen food/ meat冷冻食物/冻肉 be frozen to death被冻死
Seeing the car accident， he was frozen with terror. 看到车祸，他吓呆了。
Two men were _____ to death on the mountain because it was _____.
A. freezing； freezing B. frozen； freezing C. frozen； frozen D. freezing； frozen
20．ridiculous: adj. 荒唐的，可笑的 a ridiculous idea 荒谬的(或可笑的)想法 21．enormous: adj. 巨大的，极大的，庞大的。 导学P79-6 22．foggy: adj. 有浓雾的 a foggy morning 多雾的早晨
22．crash: vi. (飞机)失事，坠毁
The car crashed into a tree.车子哗的一声撞在树上。A wall crashed to the ground.墙轰地坍了下来。
The door crashed open. 门砰的一声开了。 Thunder and lightning crashed. 雷电交加。 1) n/v相撞；碰撞。 a car crash air/plane crash空难
A truck went out of control and crashed into the back of a bus. 一货车失控，撞上一公汽尾部。 2)n/v. 暴跌；破产 the 1987 stock market crash
1．date from：起源于；追溯 也可以说date back to /go back to， 常用一般现在时。 The castle dates back to the 14 century. The prosperity of the family dates from the war. Most of the Great Wall dates from Ming Dynasty(1368-1644).长城的绝大部分可追溯到明朝。 短语: down to date ( = up to date ) 直至今日； out of date过时的；不用的； up to date(up-to-date作定语形容词)新式的；直至目前的。
2．hold back = keep back： 阻止/阻碍/阻挡；抑制/控制(情绪、情感等)；隐瞒/保留；犹豫/踌躇。
hold sb. back from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 His poor education is holding him back.教育阻碍发展
She could not hold back her tears when she heard the news. 听到这消息，她忍不住掉下了眼泪。
The boss was unable to hold back his anger any more. 老板再也抑制不住怒火了。 You are holding something back from me. 你有事瞒着我。 When dangers come， no one hold back. 危险来临，无人退缩。
短语： hold on(打电话时用语)请等一下，不要挂 catch/get/grab/seize/take hold of 抓住，握紧
hold to 坚持；遵循 hold on to 抓住…不放；坚持 hold one’s breath 屏住呼吸
hold out伸出/张开；拿/提出/提供；顶住/支持 hold one's head high 趾高气扬
hold down 压制/控制/限制； hold up举起；支持/支撑；举/提出；(天)放晴
3．come true：(希望；梦想等)成为现实/实现；达到
His dream has come true.他的梦想实现了。 His dream came true that he wanted to be a teacher. Now his dreams come true. We will realize our dreams. 他当老师的梦想变成了现实。 【考点】： come true由连系动词come + 形容词true构成。类似的表达
1)“存在”类: 表存在或具有某种特征或状态。如：be(是)，look(看起来)，feel(摸上去)，seem(似乎是)，
appear(似乎/显得)，prove(证明是)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝起来)，sound(听起来)等。 2)“持续”类: 表某情况或状态的持续。如：remain(依然)，keep(保持)，stay(保持)，continue(继续/仍旧)，
stand(处于某状况或情形
3)“变化”类: 表由一种情况或状态变成另一种情况或状态。如：become，turn(变成)，grow，go(变得)等。
4．make sense：有意义/有道理；讲得通；可理解。 主语常是物。 make sense中没有冠词。 This sentence doesn’t make sense.这句无意义。What he said just now doesn’t make sense at all. These sentences don’t make sense to me； I can’t understand them. 我看这些句不通，看不懂它们。
It makes sense to take care of your health. 注意身体健康是明智的。
短语：make sense of：了解…的意义，搞清…的意思；懂得 make no sense 讲不通；无意义
in a sense 就某种意义而言；在某种意义上 in no sense 绝不是；绝非 sense of touch/ hearing/ smell/ taste/sight 触/听/嗅/味/视觉 common sense 常识
a sense of humor /security/direction/fear 幽默感/安全感/方向感/恐惧感
There is no sense in doing sth. 做…没必要/道理。There is no sense in punishing him. It’s not his fault.
What he said just now makes no sense to me. 惩罚他没有道理，不是他的过错。
＝I make no sense of what he said just now. 没明白他说的。
What you say is true in a sense. 从某种意义上来讲，你说的是真的。
come to one’s senses 苏醒/清醒过来；醒悟过来/不再做傻事〔不理智的事〕；
We hope she'll come to her senses and correct her mistakes. 希望她能觉悟过来， 改正错误。 talk sense说得有道理。 Talk sense！讲点有意思的话！
5．bring an end to…＝ bring...to an end：结束，终止，停止。 或： make an end of sth； put an end to sth.
We must put an end to these abuses. 我们必须除去这些弊端。 come to an end：结束，完结
carry...through to the end把某事进行到底 make ends meet量入为出；使收支相抵 from beginning to end从头到尾 end to end头对头地；首尾相连地
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