一 Space Research
Pros:
1. The oldest and purest of the arguments for space exploration is the advancement of science and technology.
2. We will go into space, not to bring back things which make us richer or more comfortable here on Earth. We will go there to live and make it our home.
3. The exploration to the universe is a high ideal –space truly is the final frontier .
4. The instinct to explore is fundamentally human; already some of our most amazing achievements have taken place in space.
5. No one can deny the sense of wonder.
6. The exploitation of space has directly changed our world. Satellites orbiting the Earth allow us to communicate instantaneously with people on different continents, and to broadcast to people all over the world.
7. Weather satellites save lives by giving advance warning of adverse conditions, and together with other scientific instruments in orbit they have helped us understand our own world better.
8. Space exploration is an investment in the future. Our world is rapidly running out of resources. Overpopulation could become a serious worldwide threat.
9. Space exploration open us new world and adds to our knowledge, enabling human being to know more about the universe as well as about the earth.
10. Space exploration helps to acquire new resources to mitigate the energy crisis (shortage). There may be some new kinds of natural resource in other planets.
11. Space exploration may find new living places for human being to solve the problem of overpopulation. There is possibility that one day mankind may emigrate to other planets.
12. Space exploration is necessary for future. If we want to progress in the world then we should continue space exploration.
二 Pros and Cons of Tourism
Pros:
1. It is regarded as a pillar of key local economic development.
2. The booming tourist industry has created more job openings. Many people have said good-bye to poverty through involvement in tourist businesses.
3. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public, carrying forward national culture and achieving the sustainable development of resources.
4. Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showcase the brilliant history and culture to the outside world.
5. Tourism helps to improve the investment environment so as to attract more foreign investors.
6. Tourists can take pleasure in the magnificent natural landscape, appreciate the superior workmanship of ancient artists and enjoy a variety of local delicacies (specialties). Many tourist attractions offer a wealth of historical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting local culture.
7. Tourism helps to promote the catering trade, transportation service and commerce .
8. Tourism is the world’s largest and faster growing industry. According to recent statistics, tourism provides 10 percent of the world’s income and employs almost one-tenth of world’s workforce. By the year 2010, these numbers will double. All considered, tourism’s actual and potential economic impact is astounding.
9. Tourism encourages the preservation of identify, pride and value in our
living conditions and the cultural legacy of generations in danger of extinction.
10. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.
11. Tourism brings new money into an area and generates jobs, income and tax revenues.
Cons:
1. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniqueness of one’s own culture and make the world less colorful than before.
2. Undermine local traditions and ways of life.
3. Tourism may cause serious environmental pollution.
三 Museums and Galleries
Purposes:
1. Museum and related heritage institutions provide people with an enhanced awareness of our diverse heritage and our place in the world. They promote understanding and appreciation of our diverse cultures, landscapes, stories and experiences.
2. Museums contribute to the enrichment of the lives of people.
3. Guarantee the availability and use of the collections in research and teaching.
4. Collections and exhibitions reflect the cultural and social diversity.
5. Museums and galleries make an important contribution to education, scholarship, citizenship , social inclusion and tourism.
6. Generally promote the public’s enjoyment and understanding of painting and other fine art both by means of the collection and by such other means as they consider appropriate .
How to Support and Develop the Museum and Gallery:
1. The government sets up more state funded museums and art school.
2. Increase education personnel and facilities in museums and galleries, as well as support schools with the cost of visits.
3. We should actively seek to attract additional sources of funding in order to increase the total pool of money available.
4. Museums should be taken to raise standards of collection care or management.
5. The government should refund those museum and galleries which offer free
admissions to the public.
6. Seek the financial support of corporations , non-profit foundations and individuals who share its goal of preserving the cultural legacy of the museums.
四 TV and Films
Positive Side:
1. Television is one of the most important forms of entertainment and communication.
2. Television has the power to educate and to entertain.
3. There is probably no greater influence on society than the television, which has saturated our lives.
4. Children watch TV to receive the daily news.
5. TV plays a big role in a child’s life. It teaches them new words and shows them things they have never seen before.
6. The TV was brought in to our world to give us a new sense of entertainment, world news and endless amounts of information.
7. Television can also promote pro-social behavior.
8. Television can exert its strongest pro-social influence in the area of learning and cognitive development.
Negative Side:
1. A child who often indulges in TV doesn’t know the difference between reality and fantasy .
2. Children have undeveloped minds, which can not conceive the information the same way that adults do.
3. Given our national television habit, it is no surprise that we are raising the most sedentary and most overweight generation of youngsters in history.
4. The health consequences of this overabundance of TV viewing include an increase in obesity among kids due to a sedentary lifestyle, and the flip side, an increase in dieting disorders due to the unrealistic expectations set up by thin actors on television shows and commercials.
五 Advertising
For:
1. Advertising promotes and popularizes new products and give people everywhere the maximum choice of products and choice.
2. Some advertisements are of high artistic value, original and well-designed with vivid pictures and witty language, artistic photography and witty slogan ; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives. They are a par indispensable to modern society.
3. Advertising brings convenience to people’s lives.
4. Advertising plays an important role in our economic life and is indispensable to the consumer society.
5. It is a kind of visual enjoyment to look at some witty works of advertising which add beauty to the cityscape .
Against:
1. Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environment. They are regarded as rubbish and a blemish on the landscape of the city. They disfigure our cities,
2. Advertisements are not always truthful, and a product is often misrepresented , false and deceptive . Many advertisements are fictitious , exaggerating, misleading and flying in the face of truth.
3. Advertisements are an insidious form of brainwashing. Some are mislead and tend to induce people to spend more and create demand for things we do not
need.
4. It is very disturbing that TV programs are interrupted by advertisements, and mailboxes are stuffed with rubbish. Nuisance to TV viewers: constant interruption spoils the viewing. We can do nothing but accept it passively.
Will Computers Replace Human Teachers?
1. Computers are cold impersonal devices and they relate to children as though they are machines—without love, care, or feeling.
2. Children who use computers will learn to communicate with machines instead of people. There is a risk we will create a generation of social illiterates. There is some truth to the stereotypical “computer nerd”.
3. Teacher-directed learning is underpinned by personal awareness and a focus on students. IT-directed focus is impersonal.
4. Within a class of 25 children, there may be 25 variables. These variables are understood by teachers but not by computer-generated and controlled programs.
5. Classroom teachers become aware of student learning difficulties and foibles.
6. Computers present programs that can not be accommodated. Personalized shifts do not happen.
7. Computer-generated learning places all students in the group onto the same program, at the same point, progressing them as a collective. Individual differences are not recognized.
8. Having a teacher in the classroom poses many opportunities for the students to learn life’s basics.
9. Having physical teachers in the classrooms is advantageous because they can teach personal interaction, reading, and teamwork. And computer cannot teach these things.
10. There can be confusion between reality and fantasy, 六 Problems Probably Confronting a freshman
Possible Problems:
1. Psychological problems such as loneliness, homesickness and inadaptability.
2. Language problems such as inability to understand the local dialect.
3. Local foods disagreeable to one’s taste.
4. Can not adapt to the climate very well.
Suggested Solutions:
1. A college orientation session should be held to familiarize the freshmen with the exciting school life.
2. Some special advisory and consultative committees should be established to meet the psychological needs of the new students.
3. Seniors students should be called on to offer help to their new younger schoolfellows.
4. Different kinds of foods and accommodation should be available to students from different places and backgrounds.
5. Some campus activities involving new and old students’ participation should be organized to familiarize the new with the campus life, such as a welcome party to be held by the school authorities.
6. Fresh should try to be independent and self-reliant.
7. Keep regular emotional contacts with one’s family members and former classmates.
8. Active participation in the campus life is essential to removing loneliness and disorientation.
七 Pocket Money
1. Help the children understand the value of money and how to use the money responsibly.
2. The money parents give help the children learn to manage money, and they can understand how budgeting, saving and interest work. In this way, they can develop wise spending habits.
3. It helps raise a money-savvy child.
4. Cultivate a spirit of independence and learning to make decision on one’s own.
5. Such goal-setting helps children learn to become responsible for themselves.
6. Children are willing learners, and you will find by giving pocket money, you can get them very interested in whole process of building a healthy saving for the future.
7. Young children especially enjoy watching the money build up in their piggy banks, and they love to take it out and count it. This is a great opportunity to teach your child the different denominations in our currency, and what each coin and bill is worth.
8. It is the beast way to introduce your child to the concept of saving.
9. Money management is seldom taught in schools; it is up to the parents to educate their children in this very important life skill.
10. It is a way to help educate children about personal finance and managing money.
11. Parents don’t have to worry about being constantly asked to buy things for the kids.
12. Children can learn how and why to save money.
八 To Play, or to Compete?
1. Organized sports activities bring damage rather than benefits to children both physically and psychologically.
2. Physically, as they are still at the stage of developing bodies, hard exercises and tough playing will be inappropriate for them.
3. Psychologically, winning and losing—the keynote of adult life --- may mean too heavy a burden for children who should have fun and enjoy the game at that age.
4. The primary goal of a professional athlete– winning – is not appropriate for children. Their goal should be having fun, learning, and being with friends.
5. Children will benefit more from those programs emphasizing fitness, self-esteem, cooperation, sportsmanship, and individual performance.
6. Besides physical hazards and anxieties, competitive sports pose psychological dangers for children.
九 Nature or Nurture
1. Learning is very important in determining who we are.
2. You can’t change your genes, but you can choose how to live your life.
3. If we take identical twins, and give one the best environment possible, and put the other one in closet for eighteen years, the differences will be profound, and caused totally by environmental differences between the two children,
4. Identical twins living in parallel universes do not necessarily lead identical lives.
5. Environment is more influential.
6. There is also substantial proof that an individual’s environment affects his mental aptitude.
7. It is often difficult to separate learning from our biology because we begin learning at the moment we are born.
8. Biology certainly determines part of what we are, but we start learning as soon as we are conceived.
9. We hardly separate biologically determined behavior from learned behavior.
10. Socialization is learning. Socialization refers to all learning regardless of setting or age of the individual.
11. A person’s entire environment seems to be more effectual in determining his mental ability than heredity is.
12. Experiments such as these ones prove that a person’s environment can have a crucial effect on him and on his manner of thinking.
13. A study done in Great Britain in the late 1980s shows that nutrition plays a very large role in a person’s development.
14. Starving people across the globe show why lack of nutrients in human bodies can stunt mental evolutions as well as physical growth.
15. Unique environmental factors (unique to children reared together) cause differences in behavior.
十 How to Manage Stress
The Present Situation and Its Effects:
1. Stress is your reaction to something you consider a challenge or a threat. Stress is a natural part of life. Modern people are stressed out or under too much stress.
2. Stress is a natural part of life.
3. Stress is hard to define because it means different things to different people; however, it is clear that most stress is a negative feeling rather than a positive feeling.
4. Despite the highly developed material life, modern people are leading an unprecedented stressful life.
5. Some stressors are so powerful that they would evoke significant emotional distress in most mentally healthy people, and trigger mental disorders.
Causes:
1. You may feel physical stress which is the result of too much to do, not enough sleep, a poor diet or the effects of an illness.
2. Nowadays the social competition is becoming fiercer and everyone wants to cope with adversity and to flourish in their education, vocation, and personal relationships.
Solutions:
1. If your stress is chronic, it may require more attention and lifestyle changes.
2. Exercise. Regular exercise is a popular way to relieve stress. Twenty to thirty minutes of physical activity benefits both the body and the mind.
3. Hobbies. Take a break from your worries by doing something you enjoy. Whether it is gardening or painting, schedule time to indulge your interest.
4. Healthy lifestyle. Good nutrition makes a difference. Limit intake of caffeine and alcohol, get adequate rest, exercise, and balance work and play.
5. Share your feelings. A conversation with a friend lets you know that you are not the only one having a bad day, caring for a sick child or working in a busy office. Stay in touch with friends and family. Let them provide love, support and guidance. Don’t try to cope alone.
6. Lower demands you put on yourself. Live for today. Don’t dwell in the past of worry about the future.
7. Develop other interests that will help you forget about your problems for a while. Sports work for some people, reading, exercising or socializing for others.
十一 Carnivorous Diet or Vegetarian Diet
Carnivorous Diet:
1. Human beings are a part of the food chain, and eating meat is natural. So then, how can eating meat be wrong?
2. Humans are type of animal and eating meat is normal and simply a part of life.
3. Animals provide essential protein for the human body. Protein is biologically essential, for every living creature needs a certain amount to survive.
4. Vegetarians do not get enough minerals and vitamins as a result of their limited diet.
5. It is hard enough for vegetarians to stay healthy in our technologically advanced society.
6. Eating plats is also causing pain or discomfort to the plants. You only have to check out laboratory experiments that plants feel pain.
十二 Should Smoking Be Banned in All Public Places?
1. Second-hand tobacco smoke can be deadly as well.
2. Cigarette smoke contains about 4000 chemicals, about 50 of which are known cancer-causing agents.
3. Only one smoker makes a majority, as the smoker spreads and fills all space
available.
4. Governments should pass law to protect people and place controls on actions that harm others.
5. Damaging one’s health is viewed as a personal liberty; damaging some one else’s health may not.
6. Smoking in public places constitutes a real hazard to non-smokers.
7. Smoking endangers people’s health. Smokers are more likely to suffer from bronchitis and lung cancer and have a higher risk of developing other kinds of cancer.
8. Smoking may pose a potential fire hazard for smokers are careless about the cigarette butts.
9. Smoking may cause diseases such as cancers and bronchitis.
10. For years cigarettes have been known to cause cancer, emphysema, and other horrible illnesses.
11. Smoking not only does harm to the health of smokers but also affects the health of non-smokers around them because non-smokers are forced to take in some poisonous substances which smokers blow into the air.
12. Families could save money by not purchasing cigarettes; and accidental fires costing millions of dollars caused by cigarettes would cease.
13. With every cigarette you smoke, you are causing damage to your health.
14. Every cigarette you smoke reduces your lifespan by 11 minutes.
十三 Littering/ Rubbish Problem
Present Situation:
1. The roads scattered with all sorts of trash are a disgrace and the railway line are littered with decaying rubbish.
2. One third of all waste produced is made up of packaging materials.
3. Litter attracts vermin, causes a fire hazard, pollutes waterways and detracts from the amenity of public parks and gardens.
4. What we are doing now is wasteful of resources and unfriendly to the environment.
5. People show an appalling disregard for the environment. They have no respect for the environment.
6. We lack adequate facilities to dispose of rubbish of all kinds. For instance,
not many dustbins are seen along streets.
7. The quickening tempo of modern lifestyle also contributes partly to the increasing rubbish problem, because many people prefer takeaway fast food and the use of disposable items for the convenience’s sake.
8. Disposable packaging and items become fashionable these days, from baby nappies to milk cartons to burger wrappers.
9. We are now living in a consumer-oriented society.
Solutions:
1. Public activities should be sponsored by government to promote the public awareness of environmental protection. Make sure that everyone is a conscious preserver.
2. Our government should take stronger and harsher measures to combat the littering behavior.
3. Use environmentally-friendly materials.
4. Minimally packaged goods should be encouraged.
5. The rubbish should be classified scientifically so that the procedure can achieve high efficiency.
6. People should learn to recycle. For instance, we should set up bins around town to collect glass, paper, and aluminum that can be converted back into raw materials, then made them into new products.
十四 How to Solve the Traffic Problem
Present Situation and Cause:
1. Every day there are many traffic jams everywhere, causing great inconveniences to people’s daily lives.
2. Too many cars running on the streets lead to air pollution and noise pollution.
3. There are more vehicles than the streets can accommodate.
4. The construction of new roads is very slow.
5. Many drivers do not obey regulation. People lack adequate awareness of the seriousness of traffic problem.
Solutions:
1. More and Wider roads should be laid down to relieve the traffic congestion.
2. Build more underground railway and tunnels and underpass.
3. Issue stricter traffic laws and regulations, impose more severe and harsher penalty on the violator.
4. Raise the public awareness of the traffic regulations. Popularize the education of traffic regulations; improve the quality of the citizens.
5. Build up better public transportation systems, including buses, trains and subway, will encourage more people to use them rather than drive their own cars.
十五 The Pros and Cons of Bikes
Benefits:
1. Fitness: Biking let you incorporate low stress aerobic exercise into your daily commute.
2. Parking: Forget about parking headache. Riding a bicycle lets you park much closer to your destination than a car.
3. The environment benefits include reduced pollution and reduced resource consumption (less material, fuel, and infrastructure).
4. Bicycles increase mobility for those who don’t have access to motor transport (who don’t qualify to drive a car).
5. Reduce energy consumption.
6. One of the most positive impacts of bicycling is improved health.
7. Moderate exercise such as bicycling can offer major health benefits.
8. Beyond physical health, bicycling helps to relieve; to fight off depression and anxiety; and to enhance your sense of well-being.
9. It is also a lot more economical to ride a bike than to drive a car.
The Cloning Technology
1. Cloning is unnatural and not ethically correct.
2. Cloning creates serious issues of identify and individuality and forces humans to consider the definition of self.
3. It leads to the psychological harms on cloned human children. One of those harms is the loss of identify, or sense of uniqueness and individuality.
4. The strongest ethical argument against cloning is that it could lead to a new, unfamiliar type of family relationship.
5. Another argument against cloning is that it would be available only to the wealthy and therefore would increase social inequality.
between fact and myth
如何应对法律及犯罪类的写作考题
A类的雅思大作文大致可以分为教育，社会，科技，政府政策，大众媒体，法律和犯罪这么六大类的题目，而其中学生们普遍反映最怵的，感觉最无从下手的题目当属法律与犯罪类型的题目。截至到目前为止（08年12月22日），在08年的1月12日，8月16日以及10月11日的考试均出现了法律，犯罪的题目。虽然说出题频率相对来说并不是非常的频繁，但是如果学生在备考中没有进行合理有效的对此类话题具有针对性的总结和复习的话，相信很难在写作中取得什么理想的分数。而纵观市面上大量的雅思写作指导，烤鸭备考秘笈这些针对不同层次，不同水平的学生而编辑的雅思丛书中，我们也很难看到针对犯罪这类题目的一些教学及复习指导。在此篇论文中，就法律与犯罪所涉及的一些常见话题给大家从其内容，语言逐一进行分析
一， 是否应该有死刑？- Can capital punishment (death penalty) ever be justified?
这个题目可以说是一谈到法律犯罪这一大类话题时，最会经常谈到的问题。对于大多数中国雅思考生，尤其是高中生，大学生，如果没有事先经过精心准备的话，对这个题目恐怕只能是傻眼了。关于这个话题，大致可以分成以下这几个分论点来展开：
Arguments against capital punishment：
死刑只是对罪犯的一种处罚，而并不能够将犯罪行为中受害者生命挽回，或者赔偿其所遭受的伤害
Capital punishment, which even though manages to bring the criminals to
justice, could by no means compensate for physical, mental and psychological sufferings inflicted on victims, or in some extreme cases, bring back their lives.
无论一个人犯多大的错误，其他人都无权剥夺其生命。 （人权）
It is entirely unjustified to deprive one of his/her rights to live regardless of how insanely severe and cruel the offenses he/she has committed are. （This subject matter has boiled to the controversial issue of human rights）
死刑犯的尸体的处理（是否可以用于器官移植等等）将是一个非常具有争议的道德问题。
How the body of the deceased criminal is going to be disposed of (used for organ transplant, for instance) will be bound to raise grave both ethical and social implications.
Arguments for capital punishment：
如果死刑犯没有受到最为严厉的惩罚，那么这对受害者是不公平的。
It would be only fair for the victims if the criminals are subject to the greatest fear of all- death.
如果死刑取消的话，那么很多潜在的罪犯就不会顾忌做出一些极为可怕的犯罪行为。
If capital punishment is ever to be done away with, the potential wrong-doers
wouldn’t be deterred from committing staggeringly serious offenses among which serial murder proves particularly appalling.
二，罪犯是否应该被送进监狱？- Should criminals be sent to prisons or receive job training and education instead?
类似的题目之前曾经考过，而在08年的1月12日再次出现。对于这个题目，很多学生会非常容易的陷入一个陷阱(pitfall)，那就是认为说如果让学生接受教育或就业培训的话，那就是等同于有充分的人身自由了。其实不然，这里的教育或就业培训并不代表说把囚犯与普通的学生或接受培训者一样等同的对待，而是一样的要限制他们的自由，只不过说不像在监狱里整天关在牢房里无所事事，而是要接受教育和培训。关于这个题目，其实就变成了一个两者之间的对比，可以从以下几个方面进行论述。
Arguments for prison:
监狱同教育或就业培训相比有很强的阻吓作用，这样可以有效的抑制犯罪率的上升。
In stark contrast to placing criminals on educational courses or employment retraining, prisons appeared more effective in deterring potential, would-be wrongdoers from committing crimes, thus drastically decreasing the likelihood of rising crime rate.
监狱更多的对罪犯来说是一种惩罚，因此能够避免再犯。
Being locked up behind the bars is a punitive measure imposed on criminals
who are highly unlikely to turn into a recidivist in consideration of their fear of setting foot into jails ever again.
Arguments for education and job retraining
罪犯在监狱里所被包围的是一群囚犯，这对罪犯的改造不是好的，反而是不好的影响。接受教育可以让罪犯在一个积极的环境里，真正的意识到对与错。
“Captivity of negativity” is a terminology intended to describe the destructive, rather than constructive impact on criminals who are locked up in prison, surrounded by people who probably have committed even more serious charges. Education serves to correct any misconception or eliminate twisted thoughts they have by immersing them in a positive environment.
大多数罪犯往往是没有什么文化知识和生存技能，出狱后通常很难找到工作。教育和就业培训能够让他们在日后的生活中靠自己生存下去，而不至于因为没有收入来源而再次误入歧途。
A significant proportion of criminals are sadly illiterate without adequate fundamental knowledge and survival skills and it wouldn’t be easy for them to find a decent job after being released from the jail. With convenient access to education and job retraining, they are able to survive by themselves, greatly reducing the chance of becoming a recidivist in times when they are financially challenged.
三，个人选择与法制社会的冲突- Should individual choices interfere with the society that is based on rules and laws
这是08年10月11号的考题，这道题目主要讨论的核心是一种矛盾。那就是社会始终是以法规和法律为基础的，而有时社会的利益往往是与个人的选择相矛盾的。当这种矛盾发生时，应该将哪一个放在首位？为什么？这次考试结束后，我曾经与几个参与考试的学生讨论过，很多学生的反映就是这个题目其实并不难，但就是不知道如何下手。还有某位学生直接就举了一个我们不能随便杀人，因为这是违反法律的事情的这样一个例子。其实，这个题目最为关键的是两点：如何去法律的范围还有就是要找到一个合适法律与个人选择发生冲突的这么一个结合点。我对这个题目的段落结构以及内容的理解如下：
这种矛盾的产生主要是因为法律法规是从大众和国家的利益出发，而个人利益则绝大多数情况下是站在个人角度考虑问题的。一个有利于个人的问题如果给其他人造成了无谓的伤害，则是不应该允许的。
The conflict of public interest and personal interest accounts largely for the issue of the extent to which is the interference of personal choices justified with the society governed by rules and laws.
这里我们可以举一个例子，就知识产权（Intellectual Property Rights）.很多人都会去网络上下载免费电影，音乐以及电子书。这样做的原因就是正版（authentic copy）相对中国消费者来说太贵。虽然说这看起来合情合理，大多数人都会从中受益，但是这也同时伤害到了娱乐明星们（celebrities）和唱片公司的利益，所以这时候应该以法律为根本，杜绝这种行为。
反过来说，我们不可否认个别特别情况下法律也应该给正当的个人选择让步
On the other hand, rules and laws should give in to personal choices in some special cases.
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