2011年考研英语一阅读真题全文翻译及答案-七绝俗手版

2011年考研英语(一)阅读真题全文翻译及答案（七绝俗手版）

2011-01-16 七绝俗手

21-25 CBDBA

26-30 BDCAC

31-35 DCBAA

36-40 CDADB

41-45 BDACF

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a

sober-sided classical-music critic。

2009年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到现在，这次任命都成为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼托姆西尼就这样写：万岁，最后。

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him。” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise。

然而，这次任命还是令人意外。原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的托姆西尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。作为对这个很牛的管弦乐队（牛的表现：到目前为此一直被牛人领导着）下一任指挥家的描述，这种描述跟虚浮的赞扬一样，确实会吓到至少一部分泰晤士报的读者（让他们觉得不可思议）。

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes。

就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家，甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问Avery Fisher Hall（可能是纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所），或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。（作者意思是，不需要听吉尔伯特，到处可以听到有趣的管弦乐。）我所做的，只需要到我的CD棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从ITUNES上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert。

对于唱片，那些专门参加音乐会的人会说，现场表演是不可替代的。他们显然忽视了一个要点。为了替音乐爱好者节省时间、精力、金钱考虑，古典乐曲表演表不仅要在各种表演场所进行竞争，还要在纪录这些行为的媒介上竞争。记录下来的表演比现场表演更便宜，更易得，甚至质量更好。而且它们的消费时间地点可以任由听者选择。因此，这种记录的广泛应用，带来了传统音乐会的生存危机。

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new

music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization。” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract。

一个可能的答复（解决办法）是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从记录上得不到的曲子。吉尔伯特在新音乐方面投入了自己的兴趣，这被人广泛注意到了：如古典音乐评论家罗斯就把吉尔伯特描述成一个可以扭转交响乐方向的人，认为他把交响乐带进了一个明显不同的更有活力的天地。但是，这种不同的实质是什么呢？仅仅扩展交响乐的节目是不够的。吉尔伯特和交响乐要想取得成功，必须首先改变美国旧的管弦乐和它们想吸引的新的听众之间的关系。

21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has

[A]incurred criticism。

[B]raised suspicion。

[C]received acclaim。

[D]aroused curiosity。

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is

[A]influential。

[B]modest。

[C]respectable。

[D]talented。

23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers

[A]ignore the expenses of live performances。

[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances。

[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances。

[D]overestimate the value of live performances。

24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?

[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality。

[B]They are easily accessible to the general public。

[C]They help improve the quality of music。

[D]They have only covered masterpieces。

25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels

[A]doubtful。

[B]enthusiastic。

[C]confident。

[D]puzzled。

Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company。” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.

当列姆麦克杰八月份从美国银行任上离职时，他的解释真令人意外。与通常会用的模糊理由不同的是，他直率地说，他离开是为了管理一家公司，而那是他一向就有的追求。

他说，作出这一选择纯属个人原因。两周之内，他与哈佛财务服务集团的董事会实现了首次会谈，这一集团在9月29日聘他任CEO。

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations。

麦克杰说，他离开时并没有确定的目标，这使他得以反思考自己究竟想管理什么样的公司。这同时也可以让他向外界展示自己的魄力。无独有偶（并不只有他才有这种雄心）。最近几周，雅芳公司和美国联邦快递公司的第二执行官都离开自己的公司，他们的解释是想当CEO。由于董事会需要在股东压力下审查继承人方案，还没有被准许离开的这几位执行官肯定希望事情早点出来结果。商业环境复杂异常，这使得高级经理人员不愿用模糊的声明来损害自己的名声。（be cautious of谨防）

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders。

随着经济开始出现复苏的迹象，这些希望离任者可能在还没有找到下家时就跳槽。根据“登记册”研究机构的报告，由于神经紧张的董事会只听自己的领导人的话，在第三季度，CEO营业额从一年前开始下降了23%。由于经济复苏，那些有抱负的领导人将大有机会。

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first。”

退出高级职位去寻找更好的的职位，这种决定是非同寻常的，过去可不常见。多年来，执行官和猎头们过都坚持认为，最好的CEO需要去挖别人的墙角才能得到（而不是那些主动离开原岗位的人）。某某说，当董事会还没有委托我先去找一个还在任上的CEO时，我不能去考虑到我在网上一搜就有的那些人。

Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later。

那些没有工作去向就跳槽的人不会总是很快找到顶级岗位。十年前爱伦马拉姆从T公司领导人的位子上退下，也是为了当一个CEO。一年前她才成为一家小型电子交易所的领

导人。罗伯特在2005年为了当CEO而离开，他最终在一家主要的财务机构找到这种工作是在三年之后。

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long。”

许多招聘人说，对于那些顶级的演员来说，旧的耻辱正在淡忘。财务危机使得在两个工作机会之间选择或者离开更坏的工作这样的行为变得可以接受。 “传统规则是最好呆在你原来的地方，但现在这种规则被从根本上颠覆了。” 一个猎头说，“在一个地方呆得越久，就越容易受损。”

26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being

[A]arrogant。

[B]frank。

[C]self-centered。

[D]impulsive。

27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by

[A]their expectation of better financial status。

[B]their need to reflect on their private life。

[C]their strained relations with the boards。

[D]their pursuit of new career goals。

28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means

[A]approved of。

[B]attended to。

[C]hunted for。

[D]guarded against。

29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A]top performers used to cling to their posts。

[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated。

[C]top performers care more about reputations。

[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules。

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

[A]CEOs: Where to Go?

[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?

[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net

[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media。

在过去，销售成功的基本法则是：种瓜得瓜，一分耕一分收。现在不同了。传统的付出方式（媒介，指企业付钱给电视台做广告或者报社做报刊广告）——电视购物和印刷广告——虽然仍占主要地位，但是现在的企业可以开发出更多的替代这些媒介的形式。对产品有热情的用户可能通过给在自己网站上注册的顾客发关于产品和商品的电邮的提醒，来

建立自己的媒介。这样用户现在接近了广阔的因素，这些因素超越了传统的付费媒介。

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned。

付费并占有的媒介，是被想促销自己产品的商人控制的。而对于白捡的媒介（免费的媒介报道）而言，这种商人的角色是作为回应用户的最初回应者。但是在一些案例中，一个商人拥有的的媒介成为另一个商人的付费媒介。例如，当一个电子商务零售商在自己的网站上出售广告空间时，就是如此。我们把这种出售的媒介定义为拥有的媒介。这种拥有的媒介是如此强大，以致于其他团体把他们的满意（内容）或者电子商发动机（动力希望）放在这种环境中。这种趋势虽然依然在婴儿期，但我们相信这种从零售商和旅行提供商（如航空公司、旅馆）有效起步的趋势会越来越强劲。例如强生建立了一个婴儿中心，这是一种杰出的媒介资产，可用于推销提升配套产品甚至还有那些有竞争力的产品。除了带来利

润，除了由于其他商人的到场可以使这个地方显得客观可信，给各个公司有机会了解有关其他公司需求的有价值的信息，还能有利于拓展所有公司都关心的用户交易。

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them。

这类戏剧性的技术革新给商人带来数量越来越多（种类也越来越多）的通信机会的同时，也同样会提高风险。因为热情的用户会更快更形象更有破坏力地表达自己的反对，这种被绑架的媒介，是免费利用的媒介的反面。此时，媒介成为敌人可用的财产或者发起的一次行动（敌人有用户、其他竞争对手、对某商标或产品向来没有好话的社会活动家），就像人质一样。例如，社会网络中的成员正在意识到他们可以绑架媒介，来对建立媒介的那些商人施加压力。

If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to

engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg。

如果这种事情发生了，热情的用户就会努力劝说其他人抵制产品，使得目标公司声名处于危险之中。此时，公司的反应往往不会足够快，也不会足够理性，学习曲线将会变得直上直下。例如丰田汽车，今年早些时候通过相对来说较快和精心策划的行动速从回收危机中把危害缓和下来，丰田的行动包括努力请用户进土威特这样的地方，挖掘社会新闻等等。

31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites。

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them。

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products。

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products。

32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature

[A] a safe business environment。

[B] random competition。

[C] strong user traffic。

[D] flexibility in organization。

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media

[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers。

[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing。

[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition。

[D] deserve all the negative comments about them。

34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of

[A] responding effectively to hijacked media。

[B] persuading customers into boycotting products。

[C] cooperating with supportive consumers。

[D] taking advantage of hijacked media。

35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?

[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media。

[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media。

[C] Dominance of hijacked media。

[D] Popularity of owned media。

Text 4

It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight。”

毫无疑问，作为有煸动性的杂志封面故事，詹尼弗西尼尔的深刻见解——“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我目前的生活状况”——可以唤起人们的谈兴。可是，人们不会想到，养孩子可不是一件完全令人愉悦、生活充实的事情。西尼尔不仅断定，孩子使得父母既快乐又痛苦，她还建议，我们需要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该像过去那样被定义为由一个个瞬间的快乐组合而成的东西；我们应该把幸福视为一种过去的状态。尽管抚养孩子的日子漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是西尼尔撰文认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却给我们

带来由衷的欣喜。

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands。

杂志封面上一位有魅力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿，这种圣母与圣子的图画这周在报摊上可不止西尼尔这一起。例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲——有时是刚变成单身母亲——桑德拉布鲁克，以及那种很常见的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了”的新闻。实际上，每周都有至少一位名流母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者。

In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives。

在一个坚持不懈地庆祝生育的社会中，承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己支持谋杀宠物猫，这难道不值得反思吗？把父母亲的后悔与孩子的后悔相提并论，这显然并不合理。不情愿养孩子的父母很少会反思自己是否应该养育孩子，但是那不幸福的无孩子的人却为类似“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”这样的信息所烦恼。显然，他们的不幸必

须通过生儿育女才能得以消除。

Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake。

当然，在美国周刊与人这样的杂志提供的社会名流父母亲现象是不切实际的。特别是当父母亲是布鲁克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。多项研究表明，有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，而单亲家庭是最不快乐的。这并不奇怪，因为一个人养一个孩子实在太麻烦了。然而，你看看桑德拉和布列尼说的话：自己“一个人”养孩子，其实非常简单。（她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围人全天候的帮助下养自己的孩子的。）

It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston。

当然要说很多人傻头傻脑地生育孩子，只是因为里斯和安格丽娜这种名流使这种行为

看上去显得诱人，这也是不可能的——多数成年人其实理解：养孩子可不是像做个发型那么简单。但是这确实是一件很有趣的事情：反思一下我们每周看的令人赏心悦目的杂志封面所说的为人父母，并不是为了在潜意识里通过这种育子经历让自己快乐，而是在潜意识中，我们有那种想成为雷切尔的心理，这种心理，使得我们看上去有点像詹尼弗亚尼斯顿。

36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring

[A]temporary delight

[B]enjoyment in progress

[C]happiness in retrospect

[D]lasting reward

37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that

[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip。

[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention。

[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining。

[D]having children is highly valued by the public。

38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks

[A]are constantly exposed to criticism。

[B]are largely ignored by the media。

[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities。

[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life。

39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is

[A]soothing。

[B]ambiguous。

[C]compensatory。

[D]misleading。

40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms。

[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing。

[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life。

[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing。

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees。

[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue。

[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained。

[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification。

[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable。”So disciplines acquire a

monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge。

[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced。”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize。”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic。”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say。

[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully。

G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.

Part C

详见：http://www.economist.com/node/15577485