1) international trade international trade 2) primary 2) primary products primary products 3) United 3) United Kingdom United Kingdom 新西兰第二章：1) international
4）export earner 5）oil 6）the North and South islands 7）Railways 8）
Australia 9）competitive 10）a quarter
新西兰第三章： 1) Queen Elizabeth II 2) separation of powers 3) Cabinet
4）Labor Party 5）work-based 6）Government 7）fully funded 8）Christianity 9）traditional performance art 10）drastically reduced
1) a world-class a world-class educational world-class educational system educational system in system in a in a lifelong a lifelong learning lifelong learning society learning society 2) all 2) all 新西兰第四章：1) a
post-school education and training 3) The University of Otago 4）The University of Auckland of Auckland 5) The 5) The Student The Student Loan Student Loan Scheme Loan Scheme 6) a 6) a competitive a competitive examination competitive examination 7) technical 7) technical 8）train teachers 9）Maori teaching and research institutions 10) Australia 爱尔兰：
1) Ireland is an island, the third-largest in Europe and the twentieth-largest on Earth.
2) \"Ireland and Britain\" is often used as a neutral term for the islands of British Isles in order to
avoid controversy.
3) The River Shannon,the island's longest river at 386 km (240 mi) long, rises in County Cavan
in the northwest and flows 113 kilometres (70 mi) to Limerick city in the mid west. 4) Precipitation falls throughout the year but is light overall, particularly in the east. 5) The Irish The Irish people Irish people are an are an ethnic an ethnic group ethnic group who group who originate who originate in originate in Ireland, in Ireland, an Ireland, an island an island in island in northwestern in northwestern
Europe.(Page 5)
6) The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the \" father of chemistry\". 7) Traditionally, Ireland is Ireland is subdivided is subdivided into four into four provinces: four provinces: Connacht(west), provinces: Connacht(west), Leinster(east),
Munster(south), and Ulster(north). 8) That the That the population the population of population of Ireland of Ireland collapsed Ireland collapsed dramatically collapsed dramatically during dramatically during the during the second the second half second half of half of the of the 19th the 19th century resulted century resulted mainly resulted mainly from mainly from the from the dire the dire economic dire economic state economic state of state of the of the country, the country, which led which led to led to an to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. (Page 7)
9) Ireland is ranked as one of the wealthiest countries in the OECD and the EU-27 at 5th in the
OECD-28 rankings as of 2008.
10) The 1995 to 2000 period of high economic growth was called the \" Celtic Tiger \
to the \"tiger economies\" of East Asia.(Page 11) 11) In November 2010 the Irish Government published the National Recovery plan, which aims to restore order to the public finances and to bring its deficit in line with the EU target of 3% of economic output by 2015.(Page 14)
12) The primary sector constitutes about 5% of Irish GDP, and 8% of Irish employment. 13) Ireland's inequality Ireland's inequality of inequality of income of income distribution income distribution score distribution score on score on the on the Gini the Gini coefficient Gini coefficient scale coefficient scale was scale was 30.4 was 30.4 in 30.4 in
2000, slightly below the OECD average of 31. (Page 17)
14) In January 1999 Ireland was one of eleven European Union member states which launched the European Single Currency, the euro.
15) The Celts were commonly thought to have colonized Ireland in a series of invasions between
the 8th and 1st centuries BC. (Page 22)
16) From the mid-14th century, after the Black Death, Norman settlements in Ireland went into a
period of decline. (Page 26) 17) An extraordinary An extraordinary climatic extraordinary climatic shock climatic shock known shock known as known as the as the \"Great the \"Great Frost\" \"Great Frost\" struck Frost\" struck Ireland struck Ireland and Ireland and the and the rest the rest of rest of
Europe between Europe between December between December 1739 December 1739 and 1739 and September and September 1741, September 1741, after 1741, after a after a decade a decade of decade of relatively of relatively mild relatively mild
winters. (Page 28) 18) In 1800, the British and Irish parliaments both passed Acts of Union that, with effect from 1 January 1801, merged the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain to create a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.（Page 29） 19) The Great The Great Famine Great Famine of Famine of the of the 1840s the 1840s caused 1840s caused the caused the deaths the deaths of deaths of one of one million one million Irish million Irish people Irish people and people and over and over a over a million more emigrated to escape it. 20) It was not until 1949 that the state was declared, officially, to be the Republic of Ireland. 21) There are a number of languages used in Ireland. Irish is the only language to have originated from within in the from within the within the island. the island. English island. English was English was first was first introduced first introduced to Ireland introduced to Ireland in the Norman the Norman invasion Norman invasion and invasion and was spoken by a few peasants and merchants brought over from England. (Page 35,Page 34) 22) Jonathan Swift, the foremost satirist in the English language, was wildly popular in his day for Gulliver's Travels A Modest Proposalworks such as and .(Page 36)and 23) In the 20th century, Ireland produced four winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature.(Page 36) 24) Gaelic football Gaelic football is football is the is the most the most popular most popular sport popular sport in sport in Ireland in Ireland in Ireland in terms in terms of terms of match of match attendance match attendance and attendance and community involvement, with about 2,600 clubs on the island.(Page 38) 25) The introduction The introduction of introduction of the of the potato the potato in potato in the in the second the second half second half of half of the of the 16th the 16th century 16th century heavily century heavily influenced heavily influenced cuisine of Ireland.(Page 39) 26) The education system of Ireland has three distinct levels: primary, secondary, and higher or third-level education. 2.Terms for explanation 2.1 The U.K. (1)The puritans(P17): members of a group of Protestants in 16th- and 17th-century England and 17th-century America who believed in strict religious discipline and called for the simplification of acts of worship. document sealed by sealed by King by King John King John of John of England of England on England on June on June 15, June 15, 1215, 15, 1215, in 1215, in (2)Great Charter(P17): document sealed which he made a series of promises to his subjects that he would govern England and deal with his vassals according to the customs of feudal law (see Feudalism). Over the course of centuries, these promises have required governments in England (and in countries influenced by English tradition) to follow the law in dealing with their citizens. Britain's legislature is legislature is made is made up made up of up of the of the House the House of House of Commons, of Commons, the Commons, the (3)House of Commons(P22): Britain's legislature House of Lords and the king in his constitutional role. The House of Commons has 651 elected Members of Members of Parliament of Parliament (MPs), Parliament (MPs), who (MPs), who represent who represent local represent local constituencies. local constituencies. The constituencies. The center The center of center of parliamentary of parliamentary power is the House of Commons. The nonelected upper nonelected upper house upper house of house of Parliament of Parliament in Parliament in the in the United the United Kingdom, United Kingdom, (4)House of Lords(P22): The nonelected made up of life peers, some hereditary peers, and some bishops. The London Stock Exchange, one of the largest exchanges in (5)London Stock Exchange (P26): the world, has always been a focus of international trade. In 1986 it was substantially deregulated, an event known as the Big Bang in financial circles. This led to the rapid expansion of products, markets, and markets, and numbers and numbers of numbers of employees, of employees, a employees, a movement a movement that movement that slowed that slowed in slowed in the in the early the early 1990s early 1990s but 1990s but has but has since has since rebounded. A-level—is an is an academic an academic qualification academic qualification offered qualification offered by offered by educational by educational bodies educational bodies in bodies in the in the (6)A-Level(P40): A-level—United Kingdom United Kingdom and Kingdom and the and the British the British Crown British Crown dependencies Crown dependencies to dependencies to students to students completing students completing secondary completing secondary or secondary or pre-university education. 2.2 The US It is a movement of people from the settled regions of the United (1)Westward movement(P50):States to lands farther west. Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, American people and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. This westward movement, across what was often called the American frontier, was of enormous significance. By expanding the nation’s borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one nation’s borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one of the most powerful nations of the 20th century. However, this expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, and destruction, and cultural and cultural loss cultural loss for loss for the for the Native the Native Americans Native Americans of Americans of North of North America. North America. This America. This expansion also expansion also meant also meant that meant that much that much of much of North of North America North America was America was dominated was dominated by dominated by English by English institutions English institutions and institutions and ways of life, instead of Spanish or French ones. The Spanish and French were also exploring and settling North America in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. For good or ill, the westward movement westward movement of movement of these American these American settlers American settlers was settlers was one was one of one of the of the most the most influential most influential forces influential forces to forces to shape to shape North American history. The American constitutional system includes a notion known as (2)Separation of Powers(P55):the Separation the Separation of Separation of Powers. of Powers. In Powers. In this In this system, this system, 3 system, 3 branches 3 branches of branches of government of government are government are created are created and created and power and power is power is shared between them. At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch. This is what the system of checks and balances is all about. There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes the law. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law. Each branch has an effect on the other. The Constitution of the of the United the United States United States is States is the is the key the key instrument key instrument of instrument of (3)US Constitution(P55): The Constitution American government American government and government and the and the supreme the supreme law supreme law of law of the of the country. the country. Government country. Government was Government was established was established by established by following the guidelines laid out in the constitution. Since the founding of America, it has served as the framework for the development of governmental institutions. It is the Constitution that has assured political stability, individual freedom, economic growth, and social progress. The Federal Reserve Federal Reserve System Reserve System (also System (also known (also known as known as the as the Federal the Federal (4)Federal Reserve System(P62): The Federal Reserve, and Reserve, and informally and informally as informally as the as the Fed) the Fed) is Fed) is the is the central the central banking central banking system banking system of system of the of the United the United States. United States. It States. It was It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, largely in response to a to a series a series of series of financial of financial panics, financial panics, particularly panics, particularly a particularly a severe a severe panic severe panic in panic in 1907. in 1907. Over 1907. Over time, Over time, the time, the roles the roles and roles and responsibilities of responsibilities of the of the Federal the Federal Reserve Federal Reserve System Reserve System have System have expanded have expanded and expanded and its and its structure its structure has structure has evolved. has evolved. Events such as the Great Depression were major factors leading to changes in the system. Independence Day, commonly Day, commonly known commonly known as known as the as the Fourth the Fourth of Fourth of July, of July, is July, is a is a (5)Independence Day(P69): Independence Day, federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. (6)WASP(P69): \"WASP\" stands for White Anglo-Saxon Protestant. It is considered the basis of the mainstream the mainstream culture mainstream culture of culture of the of the United the United States. United States. The States. The people The people who people who settled who settled in settled in the in the 13 the 13 North 13 North American North American colonies were colonies were mostly were mostly white mostly white European white European Protestant European Protestant believers. Protestant believers. The believers. The United The United States United States was States was founded was founded and founded and formed largely by Protestants. (7)Ivy League(P75): The Ivy League is an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of is also institutions of higher of higher education higher education in education in the in the Northeastern the Northeastern United Northeastern United States. United States. The States. The conference name The conference name commonly used commonly used to used to refer to refer to refer to those to those eight those eight schools eight schools as schools as a as a group. a group. The group. The eight The eight institutions eight institutions are institutions are Brown are Brown University, Columbia University, Columbia University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Cornell University, Cornell University, Dartmouth University, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth College, Harvard College, Harvard University, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. The term Ivy League also has also has connotations has connotations of connotations of academic of academic excellence, academic excellence, selectivity excellence, selectivity in selectivity in admissions, in admissions, and admissions, and social and social elitism. social elitism. In elitism. In addition to addition to Cornell, to Cornell, all Cornell, all these all these schools these schools are schools are establish are establish before establish before American before American Independence American Independence War, Independence War, the entering standards of every these school are all very strict. 2.3 Australia The first settlement to Australia consisted of about 850 convicts, guards (1)Convicts(P82):（参考）and officers and officers who officers who were who were all were all led all led by led by Governor by Governor Arthur Governor Arthur Phillip. Arthur Phillip. Since Phillip. Since then Since then more then more and more and more and more British more British criminal was transported to Australia. They depended on their skills or education setting up the initial colony. (2)Deregulation(P89): Deregulation is the act or process of removing or reducing state regulation. It regulation. It is It is therefore is therefore opposite therefore opposite of opposite of regulation, of regulation, which regulation, which refers which refers to refers to the to the process the process of process of the of the government the government regulating certain activities. Cultural diversity is diversity is the is the quality the quality of quality of diverse of diverse or diverse or different or different cultures, different cultures, as cultures, as (3)Cultural diversity(P95): Cultural diversity opposed to monoculture, as in the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay. The Dawkins Revolution Dawkins Revolution was Revolution was a was a series a series of series of Australian of Australian tertiary Australian tertiary (4)Dawkins Revolution(P101): The Dawkins education reforms instituted by the then Labor Education Minister (1987–1992) John Dawkins. 2.4 New Zealand (1)Kiwi(P104):They are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, and the lack of mammalian(哺乳类动物) predators(食肉动物) led to the birds evolving flightless. The kiwi is a national symbol of New Zealand, and the association is so strong that the term Kiwi is used in some parts of the world as the colloquial demonism for New Zealanders. The first cradle-to-grave first cradle-to-grave welfare cradle-to-grave welfare concept welfare concept was concept was to was to (2)“cradle-to-grave” welfare concept(P123): The first offer support offer support to support to the to the disadvantaged the disadvantaged and disadvantaged and created and created a created a safety a safety net safety net for net for those for those out those out of out of work of work , work , in , in need in need or need or without homes or income . Haka dance (Haka) refers to traditional dance of the Maori in New Zealand. (3)Kapa Haka(P123):Haka dance was originally Maori tribal began to jump, wham, contains a glaring, spit tongue flap Strong prestige haka body movements, the purpose is to show soldiers’ strength before the war.( soldiers’ strength before the war.( dance requires a collective performance, the more the number, the greater the momentum, the greater the deterrent against opponents. Maori war with mouth words, loud player, multi-purpose haka dance before the final enemy morale, deterrence, so the haka dance also become an integral part of New Zealand sports culture.) (4)New Zealand Ministry of Education(P129):responsible for funding. responsible for responsible for higher for higher education higher education budgeting, education budgeting, strategy budgeting, strategy and strategy and statistics and statistics and statistics and the and the Tertiary the Tertiary Council Tertiary Council is Council is The New The New Zealand New Zealand Ministry Zealand Ministry of Ministry of Education of Education is Education is 2.5 Ireland A 2005 study by The Economist found Ireland to have the best quality of A 2005 study by The Economist found Ireland to have the best quality of (1)Celtic Tiger(P136):life in the world. The 1995 to 2007 period of very high economic growth, with a record of posting the highest growth rates in Europe, led many to call the country the Celtic Tiger. One of the keys to this economic growth was a low corporation tax, [5] currently at 12.5% standard rate. It’s the s the abbreviation the abbreviation for abbreviation for Pay for Pay As Pay As YAs You Earn, ou Earn, which Earn, which is which is a is a kind a kind of kind of taxes of taxes based taxes based on based on your on your (2)PAYE: It’income and income and also and also progressive, also progressive, with progressive, with little with little or little or no or no income no income tax income tax paid tax paid by paid by low by low earners low earners and earners and a and a high a high rate high rate applied to top earners. also called ―Great Famineǁ. Ireland and the rest of Europe were (3)Great Frost(Great Famine): struck by an extraordinary climatic shock between December 1739 and September 1741, and the winters destroyed winters destroyed stored destroyed stored crops stored crops of crops of potatoes of potatoes and potatoes and other and other staples other staples and staples and the and the poor the poor summers poor summers severely summers severely damaged harvests, leading to the deaths of an estimated 250,000 people (about one in eight of the population) 3.Question in briefly 3.1 Analyze the causes of the American Civil War.(P50) The issue of slavery was the focus of American politics, economics and cultural life by the mid-19th century. mid-19th century. The century. The Southern The Southern planters Southern planters needed planters needed a needed a large a large number large number of number of laborers of laborers to laborers to manage to manage their manage their plantations, and they regarded the black slaves as their property. In the North, the North, with the development of industry, there was a growing demand for free labor. What’s more, the Northerners What’s more, the Northerners demanded a law protecting tariffs and asked the government to finance the building of railways and roads, but the Southerners were strongly against it and advocated free trade so that they could purchase cheaper goods from foreign countries. The accumulating conflicts led to the division of the North and the South and finally the Civil War. 3.2 How is a President voted into office in America. (P55) Each party Each party holds party holds its holds its national its national convention national convention every convention every four every four years four years to years to choose to choose a choose a candidate a candidate for candidate for the for the presidency. To win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend millions of dollars, travel all over the country to make speeches, and debate on television with the rival. The general election is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, presidential electors for each state will be chosen. In the second stage the electors meet and vote a President. Since the second stage is only a kind of formality, everyone knows who will be the next President as soon as the first stage is over. 3.3 What functions do American higher education institutions perform. (P75) Higher education Higher education institutions education institutions in institutions in the in the US the US have US have three have three functions: three functions: teaching, functions: teaching, research teaching, research and research and public and public service, and each has its own emphasis with regard to its functions. 3.4 What advice would you give to Australian government to protect aboriginal culture.(P82) First, try First, try every try every effort every effort to effort to protect to protect the protect the languages the languages including languages including Australian including Australian Aboriginal Australian Aboriginal English, Aboriginal English, Australian Aboriginal Australian Aboriginal languages, Aboriginal languages, and languages, and Australian and Australian Aboriginal Australian Aboriginal sign Aboriginal sign languages, sign languages, for languages, for languages for languages will languages will best convey the way of their thinking and the way of their doing things generation by generation. Second, try every effort to establish museums where this unique culture is exhibited so that more people become aware that Aboriginal culture is country’s remarkable heritage that can not afford to lose. Third, to give equal rights to Aborigines, like voting, public education, law suits. 3.5 Explain the significance of Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand. (P110) The Treaty is generally considered as the founding document of New Zealand as a nation and the principles of which continue to influence political and legal discourses in New Zealand. 3.6 Elaborate the importance of external trade in New Zealand. (P117) External trade is of fundamental importance to New Zealand . Primary sector-based exports and commodities and commodities remain commodities remain important remain important sources important sources of sources of export of export receipts export receipts , receipts , while , while exports while exports of exports of services of services and services and manufactured products also provide a significant contribution . This , together with a reliance on imports of imports of raw of raw materials raw materials and materials and capital and capital equipment capital equipment for equipment for industry for industry , industry , makes , makes New makes New Zealand New Zealand strongly Zealand strongly trade-oriented . ’s the function of the Teacher Registration Board? (P129) 3.7 In New Zealand, whatThere is an official list of institutions that are approved by the Teacher Registration Board to offer teaching offer teaching qualifications teaching qualifications as qualifications as of as of 30 of 30 October 30 October 2000. October 2000. Several 2000. Several of Several of these of these institutions these institutions offer institutions offer off-site offer off-site programs in programs in smaller in smaller centers smaller centers when centers when there when there are there are enough are enough students, enough students, and students, and some and some offer some offer programs offer programs through programs through distance technology ’s economy influenced by the Financial Crisis in 2008? 3.8 How is IrelandIreland was the first country in the EU, to officially enter a recession related to the Financial Crisis 2008, as declared by the Central Statistics Office and now has the second-highest level of household debt household debt in debt in the in the world the world (190% world (190% of (190% of household of household income). household income). The income). The country's The country's credit country's credit rating credit rating was rating was downgraded to downgraded to \"AA-\" to \"AA-\" by \"AA-\" by Standard by Standard & Standard & Poor's & Poor's ratings Poor's ratings agency ratings agency in agency in August in August 2010 August 2010 due 2010 due to due to the to the cost the cost of cost of supporting the supporting the banks, the banks, which banks, which would which would weaken would weaken the weaken the Government's the Government's financial Government's financial flexibility financial flexibility over flexibility over the over the medium term. It transpired that the cost of recapitalising the banks was greater than expected at that time, and, in response to the mounting costs, the country's credit rating was again downgraded by Standard & Poor's to \"A\".3.9 Comment on Irish people and their migration. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years. The Irish people's earliest ancestors are claimed to claimed to be to be descended be descended from descended from groups from groups such groups such as such as the as the Nemediansthe Nemedians, Fomorians, Fomorians, Fir , Fir Bolg, Tuatha , Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians.Now the population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland. The population of Ireland collapsed dramatically during the second half of the 19th century. A population of over 8 million in 1841 was reduced to slightly more than 4 million by 1921. In part, the fall in population was due to death from the Great Famine of 1845 to 1852, which took about 1 about 1 million 1 million lives. million lives. However, lives. However, by However, by far by far the far the greater the greater cause greater cause of cause of population of population decline population decline was decline was the was the dire the dire economic state of the country which led to an entrenched culture of emigration lasting until the 21st century. With growing prosperity since the last decade of the 20th century, Ireland became a destination for immigrants. From the demographic change, we can see that economic state plays a decisive role. 4.Elaborate on the following questions 4.1 What is your understanding of considering America to be a “melting pot” and “salad bowl”? (P69) Melting pot Melting pot is pot is a is a place a place where place where immigrants where immigrants of immigrants of different of different cultures different cultures or cultures or races or races form races form an form an integrated an integrated society. It is a concept that a number of ethnic groups, cultures and religions in a society will fuse together to produce new cultural and social forms. The idea was common in the USA in the first half of the twentieth century, and it is exemplified in the motto on American coinage epluribus Unum: one out of many. The founding of the USA was not the end of migration; instead, it was the beginning of it. New settlers kept coming into the new country. In the 19th century, large numbers of immigrants came from Europe. Migration from other continents like Asia and Latin America belongs to new land belongs to a to a later a later and later and the and the present the present time. present time. People time. People entered the People entered the new land for land for various for various reasons. various reasons. Some reasons. Some came just for a better life or future, some came to escape religious discrimination or political or economic disasters, and some others came as the result of brain drain. In the long run, America became the famous ―meltingpotǁ to us today. 4.2 What are some of the characteristics of British newspaper culture? In what way is it different from the US? (P33) British newspaper culture is unusual in the extent to which class and educational differences are reflected are reflected in reflected in the in the newspapers the newspapers people newspapers people read. people read. In read. In other In other developed other developed countries developed countries like countries like Japan like Japan and Japan and the and the United States, newspaper reading is a mainly middle-class habit, but in Britain the \"lower classes\" are also regular readers. 4.3 What is standard English? 4.4 Why do many overseas students choose to study in Australia university? Both domestic Both domestic and domestic and external and external students external students enjoy students enjoy benefits enjoy benefits of benefits of studying of studying in studying in Australia. in Australia. They Australia. They are They are attracted to the freedom to study and work and the relatively low living costs compared with those of American and European schools. They enjoy the challenge and freedom of studying there for Australia higher education assurance measures that enable them to complete their degree courses with excellences. 4.5 Make an analysis of one of the 50 things in British history in which you are interested.(Try not to repeat the above)
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