第一讲、过去分词做定语和表语
1.English is a widely used language. 2.He threw away the broken cup. 3.This is one of the schools built in 1980s. 4.Prices of daily goods bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.
单个过去分词作定语，常放在被修饰词的前面; 过去分词短语作定语，常放在被修饰词的后面。 spoken English
= English which is spoken terrified people
= the people who are terrified an organized way
= a way that is organized affected area 灾区
= the area which is affected stolen culture relics
= culture relics that had been stolen
the book recommended by the teacher
= the book which was recommended by the teacher printed articles
= articles that are printed
1) Doctor John Snow was a well-known doctor in London. 定语 2) John Snow told the astonished people in Broad Street. 定语 3) He got interested in the two theories. 表语
4) Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood 表语 Past Participle as the Past Participle as the PredicativeAttribute定语 表语 1.terrified people 2.reserved seats 3.polluted water 4.a crowded room 1.people who are terrified 2.seats that are reserved 3.water that is polluted 4.a room that is crowded 5.a pleased winner 6. Astonished children 7.a broken vase 8.a closed door 9.the tired audience 10.a trapped animal 5.a winner that is pleased 6.children who look astonished 7.a vase that is broken 8.a door that is closed 9.the audience who feel tired 10.an animal that is trapped There are many fallen leaves on the ground.
= There are many leaves which had fallen on the ground. (地上有许多落叶) Some of them, born and brought up in rural villages, had never been to Beijing.
= Some of them , who had been born and brought up in rural villages, had never been to Beijing.
(他们中的一些人，在农村出生并长大，从没去过北京)
及物动词的过去分词表示结束了的被动动作或者没有一定的时间性,只表示被动关系。 polluted water
= water which is polluted reserved seats
= the seats which were reserved trapped animal
= the animal which was trapped
不及物动词的过去分词不表被动，只表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，含有动作完成，动作结束之含义。 boiled water
= water which has boiled fallen leaves
= the leaves which have fallen risen sun
= the sun which has risen
过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。
The books, written by Guo Jingming, are very popular with
teenagers. 这些书是郭敬明写的，深受青少年的喜爱。
Some of them, born and brought up in rural villages, had never been to Beijing. 他们中的一些人，在农村出生并长大，从没过北京.
The book _written by the farmer (一本农民写的书) is very popular.
The building built last year (去年建的楼房) now collapsed in the Wenchuan earthquake.
The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday (在昨天会议上讨论的) was very difficult to solve.
The window broken by that naughty boy被那个顽皮男孩打破的) is being repaired.
The children examined in the hospital yesterday昨天在医院检查的) were seriously ill.
The people exposed to the sun (暴露在阳光下的) got sunburnt.
The boy punished severely by the teacher (受到老师严厉惩罚的) is now a college student.
The water delivered to his home (送到他家的水) carried disease.
The English today is quite different from the English spoken in the past 300 years (300年前所说的).
Most of the artists invited to the party (被邀请去参加聚会的) were from South Africa.
The students inspired by the teacher (受到老师鼓舞的)worked harder than ever before.
The Olympic Games, __A_ in 776 B.C. did not include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first playing
①过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作已完成。
②现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。 ③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。
first played in 776B.C. = which was first played in 776 B.C.
Consolidation 巩固
1. Prices of daily goods ____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
2. With a lot of different problems ____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling
C. to settle D. being settled
3. Don’t use words, expressions or phrases ____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
4. When I got back, I saw a message ____ to the door____ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”
A. pin, read B. pinning, reading C. pinned, reading D. pinned, read
2）作表语 表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。许多动词的过去分词已经被当作形容词使用。如：disappointed, excited, moved, puzzled, pleased, surprised, lost等。
The window is broken. 窗户碎了。 Don’t get so excited. 别这么激动。
1.用作表语的过去分词被动意味很弱，主要表示动作的完成和状态，此时相当于一个形容词。
2.被动语态的过去分词动词意味很强,句子主语为动作的承受者，后面常跟by短语。
① The glass is broken.
The glass was broken by Tom. ② The windows are closed.
The windows are closed by Jack.
3.表示“感觉流露”的一些过去分词(如:interested,
surprised, excited, frightened, shocked)和一些过去分词(如dressed, drunk, devoted, lost, known)常用作表语,表示状态.其中有些仅表示状态,毫无被动意味。
① How did the audience receive the new play? They got very excited. ② How did Bob do in the exams this time?
Well, his father seems pleased with his results. ③ She was very disappointed to hear the result. ④ He’s quite experienced in teaching beginners. 作表语练习：
Cleaning women in big cities usually get ________by the hour. A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
该题考查分词作表语的用法。“to pay sb. by the hour” 计时给某人报酬。此题被动结构作表语。类似的有：get burnt, get hurt , get wounded.
1. The rooms are ____, so you can’t move in.
A. painted B. painting C. being painted D. to be painted 2. As soon as he entered the city, he ____.
A. was losing B. got losing C. grew lost D. got lost 3. What he has done is really ____.Now his parents are _____ him.
A. disappointing; disappointed at B. disappointing; disappointed about C. disappointing; disappointed with D. disappointed; disappointing by
现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义． 现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或完成． a moving movie 感人的电影 a moved audience 被感动的观众
boiling water 正在烧(煮沸)的水 boiled water 已煮沸的水 developing countries 反展中国家 developed countries 发达国家
falling leaves 落叶(正在进行) fallen leaves 落叶(已经完成) The child standing over there is my brother. The room facing south is our classroom. The book written by Lu Xun is very good.
The road completed yesterday is leading to Tibet.
第二讲、过去分词作宾补用法归纳
英语中过去分词可作宾补，（此时的过去分词一般是及物动词）表被动意义或完成意义，有时两者兼而有之。做宾补的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，即宾语是过去分词动作的对象。如：
She found the door broken in when she came back.(宾补与宾语有被动的关系，表一种状态。)
一． 过去分词用在表状态的动词keep,leave等的后面。 Eg:They kept the door locked for a long time.
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.(谚语：少说多看） Don't leave such an important thing undone.
Don't leave the windows broken like this all the time. 二．过分词用在get,have,make, 的后面。
1.注意“have +宾语+过去分词”的两种情况： A）表\"让某人做某事/让某事（被人）做\" eg: I have had my bike repaired.
The villagers had many trees planted just then.
B)表\"遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击/受....影响，蒙受..... 损失\" Eg:I had my wallet stolen on a bus last month. The old man had his leg broken in the accident.
He had his leg broken in the match yesterday.(MET1986) 2.\"make+宾语+过去分词\在这种结构中，过去分词的动词必须是表示结果含义的。如：
They managed to make themselves understood in very simple English. I raised my voice to make myself heard.
三、过去分词用在感观动词watch,notice,see,hear,listen to ,feel,find等后面。如
When we got to school,we saw the door locked.
We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops. He felt himself cheated.
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out the next year.(NMET2000)
四、过去分词用在want,wish,like ,expect等表示“希望，愿望”这一类动词后面做宾补。如
The boss wouldn't like the problem discussed at the moment. I would like my house painted white. I want the suit made to his own measure. I wish the problem settled.
五、过去分词用在“with +宾语＋宾补”这一结构中，过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。如：
The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.
With many brightly-coloured flowers planted around the building ,his house looks like a beautiful garden.
With everything well arranged,he left the office.
六、过去分词、现在分词、和不定式作宾补的区别。
现在分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是主谓关系。其动作与谓语动作同时进行。
过去分词作宾补：宾语和补语之间是动宾关系。其动作先于谓语动作。 不定式作宾补： 表一个完成的动作、或表一个很短时间内看到、听到或感觉到的具体动作。
eg:He didn't notice me waiting. I heard the song sung in English. I saw him opening the window. I saw the window opened. I saw him open the window.
I heard her sing the song in English.
专项训练1：
1.___ poor at English, I'm afraid I can't make myself ___.
A.To be;understand B.I'm ;to understand C.Being ;understanding D.Being;understood
2.I have had my bike ___ ,and I'm going to have somebody ___ my radio tomorrow.
A.repair;to repair B.repairing;to be repaired C.repaired;repair D.to repair;repairing
3.You must get the work ___ before Friday. A.do B.to do C.doing D.done
4.___ the room,the nurse found the tape-recorder ___.
A.Entering;stealing B.Entering;gone C.To have entered; being stolen D.Having entered;to be stolen
5.We are pleased to see the problem ___ so quickly. A.settled B.having been settled C.be settled D.settling
6.Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had ____ went wrong again.(上海1999） A.it B.it repaired C.repaired D.to be repaired
7.It is wise to have some money ___ for old age.(NMET1996)
A.put away B.keep up C.give away D.laid up (put away 放好, 储存...备用, 处理掉, 放弃, 抛弃)
8.I don't want the children ___ out in such weather. A.take B.to take C.taken D.taking
9.I'm afraid that I can't make myself ___ be cause of my poor English. A.understand B.understanding C.to understand D.understood
10.The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back. A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied (表动作完成） 专项训练2：
1.We found her greatly ___.
A.improving B.changed C.to help D.having disturbed 2.Jane got her bad tooth ___ at the dentist's.
A.to put in B.pulled out C.pushed out D.drawing out
3.When ____ ,the museum will be open to the public next year.(上海2002) A.completed B.completing C.being completed D.to be completed
4.With a lot of difficulties ___ ,they went to the seashore and had a good rest. A.settled B.settling C.to settle D.being settled
5.The research is so designed that once ___ nothing can be done to change it.(NMET2002)
A.begins B.having begun C.beginning D.begun( once begun 在句中作状语，begin为及物动词:“着手”） 6.___ ,they went home,___.
A.Their work had been finished;singing and laughing B.They had finished their work;sang and laughed C.Their work finished ;singing and laughing D.after their work finished;singing and laughing
7.Before he came to London,he had never heard a single English word ___ A.speaking B.speak C.spoken D.to speak
8.____ more attention,the trees could have grown better. A.Given B.To give C.Giving D.Having given
9.___ from space,the earth with water ___70％ of its surface looks like a \"blue blanket\".
A.Seen ;covered B.Being seen;covers C.Seeing;covering D.Seen;covering 10.____,the experiment will be successful.
A.If carefully doing B.If it done carefully C.If carefully done D.If doing carefully
11.The girl wrote a composition without ___. A.ask B.asking C.being asked D.to be asked
12.He finished his homework and then went on ___me.
A.helping B.with help C.with helping D.to help 13.___where to go ,he asked a policeman. A.Having lost his way and not knowing B.Losing his way and didn't know C.Having lost his way and didn't know D.Lost his way and didn't know
14.____ her friend was badly hurt,she burst into tears. A.Hearing B.Having heard C.To hear D.Heard 15.____ his team had won, his face lit up at once.
A.Knowing B.When knowing C.After knowing D.When he knew 专项训练3：
1.They hurried back home only to find their house ___ into. A.break B.to break C.broken D.breaking
2.When he came to,he found himself ___ on a chair, with his hands ___ back. A.to sit;tied B.sitting;tying C.sat;tied D.sitting;tied
3.We do not feel ___ to enter modern buildings;everything about them seems unfriendly.
A.invited B.inviting C.to invite D.to be invited
(feel后加形容词，此处的invited 表主语we 的感受)
4.I'm going to have my letters ____ tomorrow if I've got them ready by then. A.to type B.type C.typed D.typing
5.Every great culture in the past had its own ideas of beauty ___ in art and literature.
A.expressed B.to express C.being expressed D.to be expressed 答案：
专项训练1：1-10 DCDBA CACDD
专项训练2：:1-15 BBAAD DDADC CDDAD 专项训练3：:1-5 CDACA
第三讲、Past Participle As the adverbial 过分作状语
Worried about the journey, I was unsettled for the first few days. Well-known for their expertise, his parents’ company …..
Confused by the new surroundings, I was hit by the lack of fresh air. Exhausted, I slid into the bed and fell fast asleep. 过去分词作状语：过去分词作状语时，说明动作发生的背景或情况，其等同于一个状语从句。vt 过去分词作状语时与主句主语构成被动关系，表示被动和完成，vi 过去分词表示状态或动作的完成。
Heated , water changes into steam .
The professor came in, followed by a group of young people . 1 作原因状语，等于as / since / because 引导从句
Moved by what she said ,we couldn’t help crying . = ( As we are moved by what she said …
2 作时间状语，等于when 引导时间从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语的动作同时发生，可在分词前加when/ while / until 等使时间意义更明确。
When heated , water can be changed into steam .
Seen from the hill ,the park looks very beautiful .= ( When the park is seen from the hill…
3 作条件状语等于 if / whether 引导从句
Given more attention , the cabbages could have grown better .= ( If they have been given more attention ….
Compared with you , we still have a long way to go = ( If we are compared with you … 4 作方式或伴随状语
The actress came in , followed by her fans . She sat by the window , lost in thought . 5 作让步状语
Much tired ,he still kept on working .＝（Although he was tired ,) he …. 6 独立主格结构： 当分词的逻辑主语不是主句主语时，分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。常用来表示伴随情况。 The boy rushed into the classroom , his face covered with sweat . All things considered ,your article is of great value than hers . Rewrite with proper conjunctions
• Example : United we stand, divided we fall.
If we are united, we will stand, but if we are divided,we will fall. 1 Asked what had happened, he told us about it. →When he was asked what had happened, …
2 Well known for his expert advice, he received many invitations to give lectures.
→Because he was well known for his expert advice, …
3 Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. If we were given more time,
4 Once translated into Chinese, the book became very popular among Chinese teenagers.
Once it was translated into Chinese,
5 Deeply interested in medicine, she decided to become a doctor. Because she was deeply interested in medicine, 6 Left alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all. Although he was left alone at home,
现在分词与过去分词作状语
现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，；而过去分词与其逻辑主语之间则表示被动关系。
Seeing these pictures, I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Beijing .Seen from the top of a thirty-storeyed building, Beijing looks more magnificent. (see)
• 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：
• Used for a long time, the book looks old. • 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful.
• 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用 注意:1.系表示主语所处的状态
_____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. ( lose) ______ in white, she looks more beautiful.( dress) • be lost in • be caught in the rain • be dressed in • be seated in • be interested in • be prepared for • be devoted to • be determined to be supposed to 2.不与主语保持一致的固定结构 generally speaking 一般说来
strictly/ frankly speaking 严格地说/坦白地说 judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration 全面看来 例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.
总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。 （speaking 不是dogs 的动作） Practice
• 1. Complete each sentences using the P.P. of the right verb.
build frighten trap follow shoot see examine
1 ________ by noises in the night, the girl no longer dared to sleep in her room.
2 The lady returned home, ________ by two policemen.
3 After having been _________ carefully, the room was locked again. 4.______ in 1949, the exhibition hall is over 50 years old.
5 _____ from a distance, the Opera House looks like ship sails. 6 If _____ in a burning building, you should send for help. 7 Although ______ in the leg, he continued firing at the police. 练习
1 ____ time ,he will make a first-class tennis player . A Having given B To give C Giving D Given
2 ___in 1636 ,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States .
A Being founded B It was founded C Founded D Founding
3 Unless __to speak ,you should remain silent at the conference . A invited B inviting C being invited D having invited
4 ___,but he still couldn’t understand it . A He had been told many times B Having been told many times C Told many times
D Although he had been told many times
5 When first ___to the market , these products enjoyed great success . A introducing B introduced
C introduce D being introduced
6 There seemed to be nothing ___to do but ___for the doctor . A leave / send B left / to send C left / send D leaving / send 作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to
7____everywhere , the wolves had no where ___themselves . A Hunting / hiding B To hunt / to hide C Hunted / hiding D Hunted / to hide
8 . The ___ morning, the father came into the lonely house, ___ by his naughty boy.
A. following, following B. followed, followed
C. following, followed D. followed, following
9. Mrs. White was glad to see the nurse ___ after her son and was pleased to see the boy well ___ care of in the nursery. A. looked; taken B. looking; taken C. looked; took D. looking; taking
10. The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back. A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 11. ___ more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
第四讲、倒装句
倒装句的定义：英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。 如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，就叫做倒装。 2. 倒装句的构成 a) 完全倒装
将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称之为完全倒装。 Are you from here? 你是本地人吗？ Now comes the chance. 机会来了。 b) 部分倒装
只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，称之为部分倒装。例如： Has he come? 他来了吗？
Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。 Only in this way can we do the work better. 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。 3. 倒装的原因
a) 句子语法结构的需要。例如：
Did you attend the meeting? 你参加会议了吗？ Long live peace! 和平万岁！ b) 一些句型的固定用法。例如：
Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。
c）强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。例如：
Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。
Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。
Often did we warn them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。
4. 倒装句的基本用法
a) 构成疑问句（除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外）：
When are we going to drink to your happiness? 我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒?
Have you seen the film? 你看了那部电影吗?
b) 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中: Away went the crowd one by one. 人们一个一个地离去。 Here comes our teacher! 我们的老师来了！ c) 副词only+状语放在句首时:
Only then did he realize his mistakes . 只有在那时他才认识到自己的错误。
Only in this way can you learn maths well . 只有用这种方法你才能学好数学。
d) 含有否定意义的副词或连词（如little, hardly, never, rarely, no sooner…than等）放在句首时:
Little did I think that he could be back alive. 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。 Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift. 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。
Hardly had the train arrived at the station when we ran towards the sleeping car looking for our guests.
火车刚一进站，我们就跑到卧车那儿去找我们的客人。 e) 副词so或 neither(nor)在句首:
He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I.他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。
He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。
f) 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首: Thus ended his life. 这样结束了他的生命。
So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him . 他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。 2. so作“也”讲时，引导的句子用倒装语序，例如：
He went to the film last night. So did I. 他昨天晚上去看电影了，我也去了。
如不作“也”讲而只起连词作用，表示一种结果的意思，句子就要用正常语序。例如：
His mother told him to go to the film. So he did. 他母亲叫他去看电影，他
就去了。
“He is a tall thin man.” “So he is.” “他又高又瘦。” “确实如此。” 3. 某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首，以构成倒装结构。例如：
No matter how interesting the book is，he doesn't like to read it．不管这本书多有趣，他都不想看。 However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape. 不管一个固体有多硬，我们都可以改变其形状。
Young as he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。
4. 在虚拟语气中，如果非真实条件句省略if，须将主句中的were, had和should等助动词和主语颠倒形成部分倒装。例如：
Were he younger (= If he were younger), he would learn skating. 假如他年轻一些，他就会去学溜冰。
Should they forget (= If they should forget) to bring a map with them, they would get lost in the woods
如果他们忘记带一张地图的话，他们就会在深林里迷路。
Had they realized (= If they had realized) how important the task was, they wouldn’t have refused to
accept it. 假如他们认识到这个任务是多么重要的话，他们就不致于拒绝接受这项任务。 单项选择
1. My brother had a cold last week, _________. A. so had I B. so did I C. I had so D. so I had
2. Not until _________ home __________ his parents had been ill for three days.
A. he got; he knew B. did he get; he knew
C. he got; did he know D. did he get; did he know 3. In hardly any situation ________ find her sad. A. that you can B. that can you C. you can D. can you 4. Be quick! _________.
A. The bus comes here B. Here comes the bus C. The bus here comes D. Here is the bus coming 5. In ________ and the lesson began.
A. the teacher came B. the teacher coming C. came the teacher D. did the teacher come 6. On the wall _________ two large portraits.
A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging 7. --- Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? --- I don’t know, _________.
A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care C. I don’t care neither D. neither don’t I care
8. Only when _________ how important it is to master English. A. did I work I realized B. I worked did I realize C. did I work did I realize D. I worked I realized 9. _______ in the darkness that he did not dare to move an inch. A. So frightened he was B. So frightened was he C. He was frightened so D. So he was frightened 10. _______, she is still as strong as you. A as old she is B. Old as she is C. As she is old D. As old is she
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