考研英语

Section I Use of English

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A]、[B]、[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. 题 1 - 20

Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English, for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England. (1) , the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English. The others (2) to themselves as Welsh, Scottish, or Irish, (3) the case may be; they are often slightly annoyed (4) being classified as \"English\".

Even in England there are many (5) in regional character and speech. The chief (6) is between southern England and northern England. South of a (7) going from Bristol to London, people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students, (8) there are local variations.

Further north, regional speech is usually\" (9) \"than that of southern Britain. Northerners are (10) to claim that they work harder than Southerners, and are more (11) They are openhearted and hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them (12) . Northerners generally have hearty (13) : the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire, for instance, may look forward to receiving generous (14) at meal times.

In accent and character the people of the Midlands (15) a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.

In Scotland the sound (16) by the letter \"R\" is generally a strong sound, and \"R\" is often pronounced in words in which it would be (17) in southern English. The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious, thrifty people, (18) inventive and somewhat mystical. All the Celtic peoples of Britain (the Welsh, the Irish, the Scots) are frequently (19) as being more \"fiery\" than the English. They are (20) a race that is quite distinct from the English.

1. ○ [A] In consequence ○ [B] In brief ○ [C] In general ○ [D] In fact 2. ○ [A] confine ○ [B] attach ○ [C] refer ○ [D] add

3. ○ [A] as ○ [B] which ○ [C] for ○ [D] so

4. ○ [A] with ○ [B] by ○ [C] at ○ [D] for

5. ○ [A] similarities ○ [B] differences ○ [C] certainties ○ [D] features

6. ○ [A] factor ○ [B] virtue ○ [C] privilege ○ [D] division 7. ○ [A] line ○ [B] row

○ [C] border ○ [D] scale

8. ○ [A] who ○ [B] when ○ [C] though ○ [D] for

9. ○ [A] wider ○ [B] broader ○ [C] rarer ○ [D] scarcer

10. ○ [A] used ○ [B] apt ○ [C] possible ○ [D] probable

11. ○ [A] perfect ○ [B] notorious ○ [C] superior ○ [D] thorough

12. ○ [A] swiftly ○ [B] promptly ○ [C] immediately ○ [D] quickly

13. ○ [A] appetites ○ [B] tastes ○ [C] interests ○ [D] senses

14. ○ [A] helpings ○ [B] offerings ○ [C] fillings ○ [D] findings

15. ○ [A] represent ○ [B] designate ○ [C] demonstrate ○ [D] reckon

16. ○ [A] delivered ○ [B] denoted ○ [C] depicted ○ [D] defined

17. ○ [A] quiet ○ [B] obscure ○ [C] faint ○ [D] silent

18. ○ [A] rather ○ [B] still ○ [C] somehow ○ [D] even

19. ○ [A] rendered ○ [B] thought ○ [C] impressed ○ [D] described

20. ○ [A] with ○ [B] of ○ [C] among ○ [D] against

Section II Reading Comprehension Part A

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]、[B]、[C] or

[D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 题 21 - 25 Text 1

A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three of four maps presents a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasts are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.

All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, frosts, droughts, and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day \"outlook\" which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air levels with often set the stage for the development of air masses, fronts, and storms.

Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for weather modification studies. But the limitations of weather modification have prevented meteorological results except in the seeding of super-cooled, upslope mountainous winds which have produced additional orographical precipitation on the windward side of mountain ranges. Nevertheless, they have provided a clearer understanding of the fundamentals of weather elements.

21. One characteristic of weather maps not mentioned by the author in this passage is______. ○ [A] wind speed ○ [B] thermal changes ○ [C] fronts ○ [D] barometric pressure

22. The thirty-day forecast is determined by examining______. ○ [A] upper air levels ○ [B] satellite reports

○ [C] changing fronts ○ [D] daily air maps

23. The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous because it______. ○ [A] gives the scientist information not obtained readily otherwise ○ [B] enables man to alter the weather ○ [C] uses electronic instruments ○ [D] is modern

24. A weather map is synoptic because it______. ○ [A] summarizes a great deal of information ○ [B] can be interpreted accurately ○ [C] appears daily

○ [D] shows changing fronts

25. At the present time, experiments are being conducted in______. ○ [A] 30-day \"outlook\" ○ [B] controlling storms

○ [C] satellites ○ [D] manipulating weather 题 26 - 30 Text 2

Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion--a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds among members of groups. Society's economic underpinnings would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.

In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object's physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us--hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations coloured by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions arc \"good\" and others are \"bad\of our social life--from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals when perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such flying fighter planes in a war, and Uses the legal and penal system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.

26. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that______. [A] they would not be able to tell the texture of objects

[B] they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to them [C] they would not be happy with a life without love [D] they would do things that hurt each other's feeling

27. According to the passage, people's learning activities are possible because they______. ○ [A] believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay alive [B] benefit from rewarded for doing the right thing [C] know what is vital to progress of society

[D] enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thing

28. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependen on______. [A] the ability to make money [B] the will to work for pleasure [C] the capacity to enjoy incentives

[D] the categorizations of our emotional experiences

29. Emotions are significant for man's survival and adaptation because______. [A] they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects

[B] they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained [C] they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements [D] they generate more love than hate among people

30. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they______. [A] help society exploit its members for profit [B] encourage us to perform important tasks [C] help to perfect the legal and penal system

[D] help us adapt our behaviour to the world surrounding us 题 31 - 35 Text 3

Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV.

The first difference is that a policeman's real life revolves found criminal law. He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. He has to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it on his feet, in the dark and-rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to.

Little of his time is spent in chatting, he will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty of stupid, petty crimes.

Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he's arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching.

Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court and to do that he often has to gather a lot of difference evidence.

The third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures, first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordance with the law~ secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly ever do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.

If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone he meets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple-mindedness--as he sees it--of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine-tenths of their work is recatching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rather cynical.

31. A policeman has to be trained in criminal law because______. [A] he must be able to tell when and where a crime is committed

[B] he must justify the arrests he makes of criminals

[C] he must behave as professional lawyers do [D] he must work hard to help reform criminals 32. What is the most suitable word that describes the work of a policeman according to the passage? [A] Distressing [B] Dramatic [C] Dangerous [D] Demanding

33. According to the passage, policemen spend most of their time and efforts______. [A] consulting the rules of law

[B] collecting and providing evidence [C] tracking and arresting criminals [D] patrolling the street, rain or shine

34. What's the policeman's biggest headache?

[A] He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases. [B] He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense. [C] He has to get the most desirable results without breaking the law in any way.

[D] He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerous criminal cases.

35. Why do policemen feel separated from the rest of the world?

[A] Because they feel superior to simple-minded people around them. [B] Because they are suspicious of the people around them. [C] Because they do not receive due support from society. [D] Because they find people insincere to them. 题 36 - 40 Text 4

Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a \"virtual\" or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners (从业者).

\"With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench,\" said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.

The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U. S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier.

Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.

These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized

scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor (肿瘤). Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient's brain taken before surgery.

During these procedures--operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered--surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.

Satava says, \"We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine.\" 36. According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine______. [A] will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefield [B] can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefield [C] will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefield

[D] can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield 37. Richard Satava has visions of______.

[A] using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseas

[B] wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefield [C] wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeons [D] setting up mobile surgical units overseas 38. How is virtual reality surgery performed?

[A] It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.

[B] Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer. [C] Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them. [D] A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.

39. During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view of the cuts in the body because______.

[A] he is looking at the cuts on a computer screen [B] the cuts can be examined from different angles [C] the cuts have been highly magnified [D] he is wearing 3-D glasses

40. Virtual reality operations are an improvement on conventional surgery in that they ______. [A] cause less pain on the wounded

[B] allow the patient to recover more quickly [C] will make human surgeons' work less tedious [D] are done by robot surgeons with greater precision Part B

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41 - 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A～G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. 题 41 - 45

[A] Preserving cultural identity can be achieved in different way.

[B] Ritual and ceremony are used in order to keep their own cultural identification.

[C] Ritual and ceremony should not be regarded as a only way of keeping cultural

identification, for they have other function.

[D] Different cultures mainly use superstition to keep identification. [E] Ritual and ceremony have a closer relation with superstition.

[F] In American ritual and ceremony can show their subcultures identity.

The speaker asserts that rituals and ceremonies are needed for any culture or group of people to retain a strong sense of identity. I agree that one purpose of ritual and ceremony is to preserve cultural identity, at least in modern times. However, this is not their sole purpose; nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity. 41. (41)

I agree with the speaker insofar as one purpose of ritual and ceremony in today's world is to preserve cultural identity. Native American tribes, for example, cling tenaciously to their traditional ceremonies and rituals, which typically tell a story about 'tribal heritage. The reason for maintaining these rituals and customs lies largely in the tribes' 500-year struggle against assimilation, even extinction, at the hands of European intruders. An outward display of traditional customs and distinct heritage is needed to put the world on notice that each tribe is a distinct and autonomous people, with its own heritage, values, and ideas. Otherwise, the tribe risks total assimilation and loss of identity. 42. (42)

The lack of meaningful ritual and ceremony in homogenous mainstream America underscores this point. Other than a few gratuitous ceremonies such as weddings and funerals, we maintain no common rituals to set us apart from other cultures. The reason for this is that as a whole America has little cultural identity of its own anymore. Instead, it has become a patchwork quilt of many subcultures, such as Native Americans, Hasidic Jews, Amish, and urban African Americans--each of which resort to some outward demonstration of its distinctiveness in order to establish and maintain a unique cultural identity. 43. (43)

Nevertheless, preserving cultural identify cannot be the only purpose of ritual and ceremony. Otherwise, how would one explain why isolated cultures that don't need to distinguish themselves to preserve their identity nevertheless engage in their own distinct rituals and ceremonies? In fact, the initial purpose of ritual and ceremony is rooted not in cultural identity but rather superstition and spiritual belief. The original purpose of a ritual might have been to frighten away evil spirits, to bring about weather conditions favorable to bountiful harvests, or to entreat the gods for a successful hunt or for victory in battle. Even today some primitive cultures engage in rituals primarily for such reasons. 44. (44)

Nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity. For example, our Amish culture demonstrates its distinctiveness through dress and lifestyle. Hasidic Jews set themselves apart by their dress, vocational choices, and dietary habits. And African Americans distinguish themselves today by their manner of speech and gesture. Of course, these subcultures have their own distinct ways of cerebrating events such as weddings, coming of age, and so forth. Yet ritual and ceremony are not the primary means by which these subcultures maintain their identity.

45. (45)

In sum, to prevent total cultural assimilation into our modern-day homogenous soup, a

subculture with a unique and proud heritage must maintain an outward display of that heritage--by way of ritual and ceremony. Nevertheless, ritual and ceremony serve a spiritual function as well--one that has little to do with preventing cultural assimilation. Moreover, rituals and ceremonies are not the only means of preserving cultural identity. 41. ____________ [+] [-] [=] 42. ____________ [+] [-] [=] 43. ____________ [+] [-] [=] 44. ____________ [+] [-] [=] 45. ____________ [+] [-] [=] Part C

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. 题 46 - 50

Green space facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. (46)(At present it is generally accepted, although more as a self-evident statement than on the basis of a closely-reasoned scientific proof.) The recognition of the importance of green space in the urban environment is a first step on the right way. (47)(This does not mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of green space in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces.) As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreative function of green space facilities.

(48)(The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation, which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there has been relatively little attention for improvement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighborhood of the home.) (49)(We have come to the conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass in sleeping or working is used for activities at and around home.) So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the front door.

(50)(The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a recreative aspect.) The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the front door is shut. 46. ____________ [+] [-] [=]

47. ____________

[+] [-] [=] 48. ____________ [+] [-] [=] 49. ____________ [+] [-] [=] 50. ____________ [+] [-] [=] Part A 题 51

51. Directions:

Suppose you are staying in the house of some relatives who are away on holiday. Write a letter to

1. ask them to bring you back a particular tape recorder, as you are unable-to buy it where you live.

2. ask if a friend may come and stay for two days in their house.

3. offer to do some shopping for them when they return and ask what they would like you to get.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the

end of the letter. Use \"Li Ming\" instead. Do not write the address._____________ [+] [-] [=] Part B 题 52

52. Directions: There has recently been a discussion in a newspaper on the issue of challenge. Write an essay to the newspaper to 1. show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below 1) the content of the picture 2) the meaning/your understanding 2. give a specific example/comment, and 3. give your suggestion as to the best way to treat challenge. You should neatly write 160--200 words on ANSWER SHEET

2. [+] [-] [=]