第五章自测试题
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1. A word is the combination of and
A. sound, spelling B. spelling, meaning C. form, meaning D. sound, meaning 2. Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired . A. concept B. sense C. motivation D. reference 3. By form we mean A. its spelling B. its pronunciation C. both its pronunciation and spelling D. its symbols 4. Reference is the relationship between language and A. the motivation B. the concept C. the world D. sense
5. A word has meaning only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a A. reference B. referent C. concept D. motivation
6. Of the four types of motivation, motivation is the most productive. A. etymological B. morphological C. semantic D. onomatopoeic
7. meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.
A. Lexical B. Conceptual C. Associative D. Grammatical 8. The oldest motivation is supposed to be motivation.
A. semantic B. etymological C. onomatopoeic D. morphological
9. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of , it can refer to something specific. A. concept B. motivation C. context D. sense 10. Sense denotes the relationships .
the concept B. outside the language C. with the meaning the language 11. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its . A. sense B. meaning C. concept D. reference
12. Concept which is beyond language, is the result of human . A. recognition B. cognition C. acquisition D. practice
13. The relationship between the word form and meaning is and .
A. arbitrary, non-motivated B. arbitrary, motivated C. conventional, motivated D. arbitrary, conventional 14. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of relationships with other expressions in the language. A. logical B. morphological C. semantic D. grammatical 15. Most words can be said to be .
A. motivated B. non-motivated C. affixes D. compounds
16. is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. A. Sense B. Motivation C. Concept D. Reference
17. The connection between the reference of a word and the thing outside the language is the result of and __ A. specification, generalization B. generalization, abstraction C. abstraction, specification D. extension, generalization
18. By means of , a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. A. referent B. reference C. concept D. motivation 19. \"much\" and \"many\" have the same .
A. concept B. motivation C. collocation D. sense 20. The word meaning is made up of .
A. connotative meaning and affective meaning B. stylistic meaning and collocative meaning C. grammatical meaning and lexical meaning D. conceptual meaning and associative meaning 21. Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in . A. extra-linguistic context B. non-linguistic context C. actual context D. lexical context
22. Conceptual meaning, also known as meaning, is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.
A. lexical B. associative C. connotative D. denotative
23. meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the meaning.
A. Lexical, grammatical B. Conceptual, associative C. Associative, conceptual D. Connotative, conceptual
24. Associative meaning comprises four types: .
A. Lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and affective B. Connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative C. Lexical, conceptual, affective, and collocative D. Conceptual, connotative, affective, and stylistic 25. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: or . A. lexical, grammatical B. appreciative, pejorative C. associative, conceptual D. stylistic, affective
26. Both \"pretty\" and \"handsome\" have the same meaning of \" good-looking \ but they are different in____ A. conceptual, style , emotive values C. conceptual, collocation D. stylistic, connotation
27. It is noticeable that meaning overlaps with and affective meanings because in a sense both latter meanings are revealed by means of collocations.
A. stylistic, collocative B. connotative, associative C. collocative, stylistic D. conceptual, lexical
28. meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
A. Lexical B. Grammatical C. Connotative D. Stylistic
29. \"charger\ meaning, but they differ in meaning. A. stylistic, conceptual B. affective, stylistic C. collocative, connotative D. conceptual, stylistic
30. meaning surfaces only in use, but meaning is constant in all the content words within or with-out context as it is related to the notion that the word conv-eys.
A. Lexical, grammatical B. Conceptual, associative C. Associative, conceptual D. Grammatical, lexical 31. The word \"cooperation\" and \"endless\" are words. A. etymologically motivated B. semantically motivated
C. morphologically motivated D. onomatopoeically motivated 32. The words \"bow-wow\ words. A. semantically motivated B. etymologically motivated C. morphologically motivated D. onomatopoeically motivated 33. \" \" is not a morphologically motivated word.
A. laconic B. airmail C. reading-lamp D. hopeless 34. Associative meaning comprises several types except .
A. connotative meaning B. stylistic meaning C. affective meaning D. lexical meaning 35. \"love\ of mother.
A. the stylistic meanings B. the connotative meanings C. the stylistic meanings D. the collocative meanings III. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. 1. Affective meaning indicates the speaker's towards the person or thing in question.
2. Martin Joos(1962)in his book The Five Clock suggests five degrees of : \"frozen\\"formal\\"consultative\\"casual\" and \"intimate\".
3. Lexical meaning is made up of conceptual meaning and ______________ meaning.
4. meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the Core of word meaning.
5. Semantic motivation refers to the associations sug-gested by the conceptual meaning of a word. 6. The meanings of etymologically motivated words relate directly to their ______________.
7. Semantic motivation explains the connection between the literal sense and sense of the word. 8. Onomatopoeic words are created by imitating the sounds or noises.
9. Not every word has . For example, \"probable\\yes” , all have some sense, but none of them refer to anything in the world.
10. \"roar\" is a word produced through motivation.
11. In the sentence, \"The reactionary's chief ambition is to become the emperor. \\"ambition\" has a connotation.
12. Connotative meaning refers to the qvertones or associations suggested by the meaning traditionally known as connota-tions.
13. The relationship between the word form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary, and most words can be said to be
_______________.
14. Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the meaning of a word. 15. Meaning and concept are Closely related but not _______________.
16. The meaning consists of connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning and collocative meaning. 17. A concept is to all men alike.
18. \"mouth\" in \"the mouth of the river\" is motivated.
19. Not all the words produced by applying the word-forming rules are .
20. The grammatical meanings can indlcate parts of speech of words, singular and plural meanings of nouns, meanings of verbs and their inflectional forms, etc. 21. A concept has referring expressions.
22. Connotative meaning varies considerably according to euhure, historical period and the of the individual. 23. \"commence\" is in style.
24. meaning includes conceptual meaning and asso-ciative meaning.
25. words have both the same conceptual meaning and associative meaning. 26. \"roommate\" and \"miniskirt\" are motivated words.
27. Denotative meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and it forms the of word meaning. 28. \"pen\" is a/an motivated word.
29 .Unlike conceptual meaning, meaning is unstable and indeterminate.
30. Normally, when we talk about the meaning of a word, we are speaking of what we call its . 31. A word is the of form and meaning.
32. is the relationship between language and the world.
33. There are a lot of words whose structures are , i. e. their meanings are not the combinations of the separate parts. 34. In the sentence, \"He is fond of the bottle. \ .
35. Parts of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs all belong to meaning.
36. meaning surfaces only in use.
37. Just like meaning, affective meaning varies from individual to individual, from culture to culture, from generation to generation.
38. Compounds and derived words are words and the' meanings of many are the sum of the morphemes combined.
39. Word meaning is not monogeneous but a consisting of different parts. 40.\"black\" is appreciative, but \"nigger\" is .
III. Match the morphemes, words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to ①types of motivation;
②types of meaning; ③types of word formation; ④types of mor-phemes and ⑤types of formality. A B
1. diminutive A. onomatopoeic motivation 2. nigger B. appreciative
3. tiny C. differing in emotive values 4. commence/begin D. back formation 5. tongue of the bell E. conlpounding 6. laconic F. blending 7. black G. pejorative 8. ambitious H. acronym 9. determined/pigheaded I. conversion 10. bleat J. initialism 11. tremble/quiver K. colloquial
12. moonlight L. grammatical meaning 13. slurb M. formal
14. sub- N. derivational prefix 15. CORE O. semantic motivation P. differing in stylistic meaning
17. water(n) Q. differing in colloca-tire meaning 18. house (v) R. suffixation
19. fan S. etymological motivation 20. . T. back clipping
IV. Study the following morphemes, words or expressions and identify ①types of bound morphemes underlined; ②types ofword formation; ③types of meaning; ④types of motivation and ⑤types of formality. 1. mother (love) ( ) 2. atom(from the smallest unit of matter) ( ) 3. – es in sandwiches ( ) 4. quack ( ) 5. the foot of the mountain ( )
6. bloom (n.) ( ) 7. handsome ( = good-looking) ( ) 8. domicile ( ) 9. sitcom ( ) (colloquial) ( ) V. Define the following terms.
1. reference 2. concept 4. motivation 5. semantic motivation 6. grammatical meaning
7. conceptual meaning 8. connotative meaning 9. collocative meaning 10. onomatopoeic motivation motivation meaning 13. morphological motivation 14. lexical meaning 15. meaning 16. form 17. stylistic meaning
VI. Answer the following answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given. 1. How do we classify meaning 2. What is the function of reference
3. What is motivation How do we classify it
4. What is the relationship and the difference between grammatimeaning and lexical meaning 5. What is the relationship and difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning 6. How is associative meaning classified
7. What are the characteristics of connotative meaning 8. What is stylistic meaning What are its characteristics 9. How is affective meaning classified
10. What is collocative meaning What are its functions
VII. Analyze and comment on the following,Write you're an-swers in the space given below. 1. It is not a is a house.
Study the above two sentences and analyze the grammatical meaning, conceptual meaning and connotative
meaning of home and of house.
2. After chucking a stone at the cops, they did a bunk with the loot.
Are all the words in the sentence used appropriately If not, ex-plain the reasons and improve the sentence. 3. a lacoic answer
What does \"laconic\" mean What motivation is found in it Where is the word derived 4. The pen is mightier than the sword.
What motivation can be found in the sentence What is that moti-vation What do(es) the motivated word(s) mean 参考答案
I．Each 0f the statemeuts below is followed by four alterna-tive answers．Choose the one that would best complete the statement 1．C 2．D 3．C 4．C 5·B 6．B 7．D 8．C 9．C 10．D 11．B 12．B 13．D 14．C 15．B 16．C 17．B 18．B 19．A 20．C 21．C 22. D 23．C 24．B 25．B 26．C 27．C ． 28．C 29．D 30．D 31．C 32．D 33．A 34．D 35．B Ⅱ. Compkte the following statements with proper words or expressions according tO the course b00k．
1．attitude 2．Forillalitv 3．aSSOCiative 4．Conceptual 5．mental 6．origiBS 7．6gurative 8．Natural 9．reference 10．Onomatoooeic 11．negative／pejoratiVe 12．conceptual
l 3．non-motivated 14．Conceotual 15．identical 16．associative 17. aniversal 18．semanticallv 19．acceptable 20．Tense 21．many 22．Experienee 23．formal 24．Lexical 25．few 26．Norphologically 27．core 28．etymologicaIly 29．associative 30．denotation
31．COBbination 32．Reference 33．opaque 34．what is contained iBSide 35．grammatical 36．Grammatical 37．connotative 38．multi。morDhemic 39．composite 40．pejorative
III. Match the morphemes, words or expressions in ColumnA with those in Column B according to (1)types of
motivation;(2)types of meaning; (3) types of word formation; (4) types of morphemes and (5)types of formality.
IV. Study the following morphemes, words or (1)types of bound morphemes underlined; (2)types of word formation; (3)types of meaning; (4)types of motivation and(5)types of formality.
1. connotative meaning 2. etymological motivation 3. inflectional suffix/bound morpheme 4. onomatopoeic motivation 5. semantic motivation 6. grammatical meaning 7. Conceptual meaning 8. formal 9. blending 10. stylistic meaning V. Def'me the following terms.
1. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons)are being talked about.
2. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so ol\"1.
3. Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.
4. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
5. Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
6. Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships
such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.
7. Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language.
8. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.
9. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.
motivation indicates the relationship between sound and meaning of a word. Its sound suggests its meaning.
11. Etymological motivation indicates the relationship between meaning of a word and its origin. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the word.
12. Affective meaning indicates the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative.
13. Morphological motivation accounts for the connection between the meaning of the word and the meaning of each morpheme in the word. The meaning of many words are the sum total of the morphemes combined.
14. Lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that the word conveys. Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
15. Meaning is what the form stands for. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word meaning.
16. By form we mean both its pronunciation and spelling. A word is the combination of form and meaning, and form is the carrier of meaning.
17. Stylistic meaning refers to the stylistic features of words, which make them appropriate for different contexts. VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given. 1. (1) Meaning is made up of lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.
(2) Lexical meaning is classified into conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
(3) Asscoiative meaning is classified into connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning and collocative
meaning.
2. Reference refers to the connection between the linguistic sign and the world. The reference of a word to a thing
outside the languagc is arbitrary and conventional. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.
3. (1) Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistiesymbol and its meaning.
(2) Motivation is classified into onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and
etymological motivation.
4. Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word meaning. Grammatical meaning refers to that part of
the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part
of\" words (nouns, verbs, adverbs), singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. Grammatieal meaning of a word becomes import~t only when it is used in actual context. Unlike lexical meaning, different lexical items, which have different lexical meanings, may have the some grammatical meaning. On the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings.
Lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that the
word conveys. Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
5. Lexical meaning is made up of conceptual meaning and associative meaning. Conceptual meaning is the meaning
given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning
forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate.
6. Associative meaning is classified into four types: connotative,stylistic, affective and collocative.
7. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of
the language. Connotative meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
8. Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different
contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words~ In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as 'formal', 'informal', ' literary', ' archaic', ' slang' and so on. This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. It is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and the stylistic meaning.
9. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative. Words of positive overtones
are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval, those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism. Just like connotative meaning, affective meaning varies from individual to individual, from culture to culture ,from generation to generation, from society to society.
meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the
word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. Collocative meaning overlaps with stylistic and affective meaning because in a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.
III. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your angers~ in the space given below.
1. (1) \"home\" and \"house\" have the same grammatical meaning d similar conceptual meaning The grammatical
meaning is: they both nouns in singular form and serve as predicative in each since ! The conceptual meaning is: a dwelling place/a place to live in.
(2) home and house have different connotative meaning’s connotative meaning of home is : warmth, family, love.
The con t0tative meaning of house is : coldness, indifference, lack of love.
2. (1) Comparatively speaking, a sentence with gerund structure is airy formal, but in the sentence, \"chuck”,” cop\
a bunk\" and loot\" are all slangy/slang words .The gerund structure is not consist with the slang words.
(2) \"cast\
the aprovement, the sentence, \"After casting a stone at the police, they incensed with the money\in style.
3. (1) \"laconic\" means or \"brief short\".
(2) \"laconic\" is an etymologically motivated word
(3) The word is derived from lacons, a tribe of people who were own for their brevity of speech and for their habit of
never using re words than necessary. Hence \"a laconic answer\" is \"a short anger.
4. (1) Semantic motivation can be found in the sentence.
(2) Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggest1 by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains
the connection teen the literal meaning and figurative sense of the word,
(3) pen and \"sword are two semantically motivated rods. Their literal meanings are \"a tool for writing or drawing with
ink\" and \"a weapon with a handle and a long metal blade\" respectively, but their figurative meanings are \"writing\" and \"war\" respectively.
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