．代词： I.
代词可以分为以下七大类： 人称主格 1 代词 宾格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 物主形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 2 代词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词 4 指示代词 5 疑问代词 6 关系代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some与any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:
each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points. 3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another: 学习资料
7 不定代词 学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考
1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如： I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四．形容词和副词 I.
形容词：
1. 形容词的位置：
1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置： 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成nobody absent, everything possible 1 的复合不定代词时 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only2 修饰的名词之后 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 the best book available, the only solution possible the only person awake a bridge 50 meters long a huge room simple and beautiful a man difficult to get on with 和空间、时间、单位连用时 4 成对的形容词可以后置 5 形容词短语一般后置 6 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 代词 冠词前的形容词 all both 学习资料
数词 性状形容词 冠词 指示代词 序数不定代词 词 代词所有格 the a 基数词 性质 状态 大小 长短 形状 新旧 温度 颜色 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名词 second one next four beautiful good large short new black Chinese silk cool yellow London stone 学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 such this another your poor square 3) 复合形容词的构成： 1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 6 名词+形容词 7 名词+现在分词 8 名词+过去分词 9 数词+名词+ed 10 数词+名词 world-famous peace-loving snow-covered three-egged twenty-year 3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 4 副词+现在分词 5 副词+过去分词 II. 副词
副词的分类：
1 2 3 4 时间副词 地点副词 方式副词 程度副词 hard-working newly-built soon, now, early, finally, once, always, often, frequently, seldom, 5 频度副词 recently never here, nearby, outside, upwards, above hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why 7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 8 关系副词 when, where, why III. 形容词和副词比较等级：
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
1. 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。 五．介词 I.
介词分类： 1 简单介词 2 合成介词 3 短语介词 4 双重介词 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 5 6 分词转化成的介词 形容词转化成的介词 considering(就而论), including like, unlike, near, next, opposite II. 常用介词区别： 1 表示时间的in, on, at 2 表示时间的since, from 3 表示时间的in, after 4 at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关 since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始 in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 表示地理位置的in, on, in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外 to 5 表示“在…上”的on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 6 7 8 表示“穿过”的through, across through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关 表示“关于”的about, about指涉及到，on指专门论述 on between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间 besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首 with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音 as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似 in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置 9 besides与except的区别 10 表示“用”的in, with 11 as与like的区别 12 in与into区别
六．动词 I.
动词的时态：
1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下： 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 学习资料
现在时 ask / asks 过去时 asked 将来时 shall/will ask 过去将来时 should/would ask should/would be asking am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking have/has asked have/has been asking had asked had been asking shall/will have asked should/would have asked shall/will have been should/would have been asking asking 学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如： I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关） 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式： 1 将来时 will/shall+动词原形 用法 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 例句 My sister will be ten next year. It’s going to clear up. be going to+动词原含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，2 We’re going to have a party 形 或表示很有可能要发生某事 tonight. be + doing 进行时3 表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等He is moving to the south. 词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的Are they leaving for Europe? 动作 I was about to leave when the 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的bell rang. 动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 The meeting is about to close. 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. be about to + 动词4 原形 5 be to + 动词原形 The meeting starts at five 一般现在时表示将时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事o’clock. 6 The plane leaves at ten this 来 情，可用一般现在时表示将来 evening. II. 动词的被动语态： 常用被动语态 构成 6 7 8 9 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/are asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 过去进行时 was/were being asked 现在完成时 have/has been asked 过去完成时 had been asked 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… 注 It is supposed that… 意 It is reported that… 事 It must be admitted that… 项 It is hoped that… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
七．情态动词 I.
情态动词基本用法：
情态动词 can could may might must 学习资料
用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 能力（体力，智力，技能） can not / cannot /can’t Can…do…? 允许或许可（口语中常用） do Yes,…can. 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句No,…can’t. couldn’t do 或疑问句中） 可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或许（表推测） 祝愿（用于倒装句中） 必须，应该（表主观要求） may not do might not do must not/mustn’t do May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. Must…do…? Yes,…must. 学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） 只好，不得不（客观的必须，don’t have to do 有时态人称变化） No,…needn’t/don’t have to. Do…have to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. have to ought to Ought…to do…? 应当（表示义务责任，口语中ought not to/oughtn’t Yes,…ought. to do 多用should No,…oughtn’t. 将要，会 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味） Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. Should…do…? Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. shall shall not/shan’t do should will would dare should not/shouldn’t do will not/won’t do 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中wouldwould not/wouldn’t 比较委婉 do 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） dare not/daren’t do need 需要 必须（常用于否定句和疑问句need not/needn’t do 中） used to 过去常常（现在已不再） used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测： 以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。
He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.
3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now.
We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）
Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)
III. 情态动词注意点：
1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。 学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 2. used to和would:
used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。 3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 八．非谓语动词 I.
非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成： 非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用 时态和语态 to do to be done to be doing to have been to have done done 否定式 复合结构 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 不定式 for sb. to do sth. being done 现在分doing having been 词 having done done 分词 过去分词 done being done doing having been having done done 在非谓 语前加not 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 动名词 sb’s doing 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较： 情况 常用动词 只接不定式做宾hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 语的动词 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider 只接动名词做宾can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged 语的动词或短语 in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接意义基本相动名词多指一般或习惯行为） 同 need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） 意义相反 stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 两者都可以 意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未go on to do（接着做另外一件学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 发生） 事） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经go on doing（接着做同一件事） 发生） try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试试去做，看有何结果） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意识是，意味着） can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生I heard him call me several 不定式 times. 或已经完成 have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, 过去分词 find, keep, have, feel IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 区别 举例 主谓关系。强调动作正在进I found her listening to the radio. 行，尚未完成 动宾关系。动作已经完成，We found the village greatly changed. 多强调状态 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将I have a lot of papers to type. 不定式 来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式I have a lot of papers to be typed. 表示在谓语动词之前发生 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 现在分与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语the boiling water / the boiled water 词 动作同时发生 the developing country/the 过去分与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 词 谓语动作之前，现已经完成 V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 举例 My dream is to become a 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以teacher. 不定借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主To obey the law is important. 式 语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提(dream, business, wish, idea, 问主语或表语。 plan, duty, task做主语时常用) 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表It is no use saying that again and 动名示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也again. 词 可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 Teaching is my job. 分词 学习资料
无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，The situation is encouraging. 可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可The book is well written. 学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。 (常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)
九．定语从句 I.
定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词 who 先行词 从句成分 人 主语 例句 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? 备注 whom whose 关系代词 that Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working 人 宾语 The boy (whom) she loved died in the whom, whichwar.. 和that在从句I like those books whose topics are about 中做宾语时，history. 人，物 定语 常可以省略，The boy whose father works abroad is 但介词提前时my deskmate. 后面关系代词A plane is a machine that can fly. 不能省略，也主语，宾She is the pop star (that) I want to see 人，物 不可以用that 语 very much. The book (which) I gave you was worth 主语，宾$10. The picture which was about the accident 语 was terrible. which 物 as He is such a person as is respected by all 主语，宾as做宾语一般of us. 人，物 语 不省略 This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. 时间 地点 原因 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met 可用on which there. 可用in which when 关系where 副词 why 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned 可用for which down my offer. II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别： 情况 只用that的情1． 学习资料
用法说明 例句 1.He told me everything that he 学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 况 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4． 先行词既指人又指物时 5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6． 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? 1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 只用which, 2． who, whom的在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句情况 中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 III. as与which的区别： 定语从句 限制性定语从句中 区别 He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. 例句 He is not such a fool as he looks. 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系Don’t read such books as you can’t 代词用as,不能用which understand. as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. 非限制性定语从句中 IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： 类别 语法意义及特征 例句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意The accident happened at the 限制性定语思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分time when I left. 从句 密切，写时不用逗号分开。 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分His mother, whom he loved 非限制性定密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，deeply, died ten years ago. 语从句 相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 词做宾语时也不能省略。
十．名词性从句 种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 Whether he will come or not 在复合句中做主语，相当于名doesn’t matter much. 主语从词，一般置谓语之前，也可用句 it作形式主语，主语从句放主that, whether, if, Whoever comes here will be 句之后 as if, as though, welcome. 表语从在复合句中做表语，相当于名who, whose, It looks as if it is going to snow. which, how, 句 词，位于系动词之后 when, where, He asked me which team could 宾语从在复合句中做宾语，相当于名why, what, win the game. 句 词 whatever, You have no idea how worried we 放在名词之后(news, problem, whoever, wherever are. 同位语idea, suggestion, advice, 从句
十一。状语从句
种类 连接词 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly where, wherever because, as, since, now that if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that so that, in order that, for fear that so…that, such…that than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more as if, as though, as though, although, even if, even though, as, 注意点 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替 so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词 as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容 The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us. 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 条件状语 目的状语 结果状语 比较状语 方式状语 让步状学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 语 no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用
十二。倒装句
种类 倒装条件 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调 完全倒装 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 例句 Out rushed the children. Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 only和修饰的状语放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened. Only then did he realized the importance of English. not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. 不倒 neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. 部分倒装 so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. 成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 as引导的让步状语 so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 省略if的虚拟条件 十三。虚拟语气
类别 与现在事实相反 用法 例句 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. He can play the piano. So can i. May you be in good health! Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 从句动词：过去式（be用were） If he were here, he 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原would help us. 形 If I had been free, I 从句动词：had+过去分词 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+would have visited you. 过去分词 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / If it should rain were+不定式 tomorrow, we would 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原not go camping. 形 与过去事实If引导的相反 条件从句 与将来事实相反 学习资料
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 其它状语从句 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. Turn on the light so in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / that we can see it may / might / would等+动词原形 clearly. demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+He suggested that we not change our mind. 动词原形 宾语从句 I wish I could be a pop wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和singer. should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / It is strange that such a 主语从句 demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词person should be our friends. 用should+动词原形 It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形 It’s high time that we left. I would rather you 其它句型would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 stayed at home now. 中 If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈If only our dream had come true! 的愿望
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