状语从句
一、状语从句概述
状语从句是在句中起副词作用的主谓结构。用来修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等。引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词。状语从句用陈述语序，一般位于复合句的句首或句末。当从句在句首时，常用逗号和主句隔开。状语从句根据其在句中的不同作用分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、行为方式等，共九种。
引导状语从句的连词分类表 状语从句 时间 when whenever as while since till until before after where anywhere if 如果 only if 只要 if only 但愿 当…时 当…时 一边…一边；当…时 当…时 自从…… 直到…… 直到…… 在…前 在…后 as soon as the instant the moment the minute directly immediately instantly 一…就 一…就 一…就 一…就 一…就 一…就 一…就 once each time every time by the time now (that) the day/ year no sooner …than hardly …when 一旦…就 每次… 每次… 到…的时候 现在/当…时 在…那天/年 一…就 一…就 地点 条件 在…地方 任何地方 wherever everywhere 在…任何地方 到处 unless 除非 as/so long as 只要 in case 如果 providing/provided that 假如 on condition that 条件是 suppose/ supposing that 假如 原因 because 因为 as 因为 seeing (that) 既然 in that 因为，原因是 not that… but that 不是因为…而是因为 though 虽然 even though 即使 whatever 无论什么 however 无论怎样 granting/ granted (that) 即使 in spite of the fact that 尽管 as… as 像…一样 as 像/犹如… that 为了，以便 lest 以防 since 既然 now (that) 既然 considering (that) 考虑到，因为 on the ground that 由于 even if 即使 while 虽然，尽管 however 无论谁 for all that 尽管 whether… or 无论…还是 despite the fact that 不管 than 比… the way …的方式/样子 让步 although 虽然 as 尽管 wherever 无论哪里 no matter 无论 比较 方式 目的 结果 not as (so) as 不像……一样 as if/ though好像，仿佛 so that 为了，以便 in order that 为了 for fear that 以防 In case 以防 so …that 如此…以至于 such that 是这样的以致 so that 结果 such that 如此…以至于 大全
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that 因而，所以 with the result that 结果是，因此 二、时间状语从句 (一) when, whenever, while和as引导的时间状语从句 when表示的动作与主句的动作同时发生，或先于主句的动作。When可指一段时间，也可指一点时间，既可以表示一时性的动作，又可表示持续的动作。Whenever指的是任何一个不具体的时间。while常用来引导两个同时进行的持续时间较长的动作或状态，不能表示一时性或短暂的动作。as表示的动作与主句同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般同延续性动词连用。while和as可译为“一边……一边”。
Whenever my mother or I need a permanent or trim we visited her dear Amalia Toland.
As the day progressed, I considered ways to get out of whatever was going down at the Cullen House tonight.
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us. When I meet the right man, I will get married.
As spring warms the good earth, all flowers begin to bloom. He entered the room when/ while/ as the meeting was going on. When/As he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause. Tom watched TV as he had supper.
注意：When和while可用作并列连词，when含义为“突然、这时”；while含义为“而，但是”。例如：
He had been walking under the trees when an apple fell down. Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue.
(二) no sooner …than和hardly（barely/scarcely)…when (before)句型 这几个连词词组都是表示主句和从句动作相继发生，含义为“一…就，刚刚…就”，主句动词用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。如果no sooner, barely, hardly，scarcely位于句首，主句需要用倒装结构，即把had放在主句前。
例如：No sooner had she heard the news than she fainted.
Hardly/scarecely had he opened the door when/before a gust of wind blew the candle out. He had barely/ hardly/ scarecely died before/when the family arguments began. He had no sooner died than the family arguments before.
注意：有的词书给出了这样的结构，barely/hardly/scarcely/no sooner …than一…就 We hardly arrived than it began to rain.
Hardly were the words uttered(说出)than he began to regret them.
(三) immediately等看似副词实为连词的时间状语从句
immediately, directly, instantly, once等可用作连词引出时间状语从句，其语义和用法与as soon as基本相同。
例如：I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter. Instantly the button is pressed, the mine explodes.
The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm. I’ll let you know as soon as/ once it is arranged.
注意1）immediately, directly, instantly, once等可用作副词。比较： She went to see him directly she got the letter.
She went to see him directly after she got the letter.
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注意2）once引导的从句可以表示时间和条件
Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.
=As soon as you understand this rule, you will have no further diffculty.(时间) =If you understand this rule, you will have no futher difficulty.(条件) （四）the moment (that)等表示时间的名词词组引出的时间状语从句 the moment, the minute, the instant, the second等语义为“一…就”，以及every/each time, any time, the next time, the first time, the last time, the day, the month, the week, the year, the morning, the afternoon等不同的语义，用作连词，引出时间状语从句。
例如：The owl stuck out its leg, to which a small roll of parchment was tied, shook its feathers, and took off the moment Harry had taken the letter.
Every time Harry heard her approaching he tired to question her about the Howler, but he might as well have interrogated the doorknob for all the answers he got.
Stormy applause broke forth the moment the singer appeard on the stage. You can call me any time you want to.
The instant the result came out, she told us.
I’m going to see him (the) next time he comes to Shanghai. (五） till与until
这两个词的意思完全一样，但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中，主句用延续性动词表示“直到…为止”；在否定句中，主句与非延续性动词连用时表示“直到才”，这时，相当与before。 例如：Doar insisted that no one draw conclusions until all the facts were evaluated. She stood there till/until he had passed out of sight. Until you told me I had no idea of what she said. He didn’t enter the room until/before I returned. 注意1）not until位于句首时，需用倒装结构。例如： I didn’t know it until he told me. Not until he told me did I know it.
注意2）It is not until… that …结构表示强调。例如：
They didn’t make up their minds until they had a discussion.
It wasn’t until they had a discussion that they made up their minds. 注意3）有时候，until从句的位置不同会引起句意的变化，其它词也有这样情况。比较： I didn’t see the temple until I got to the top of the hill. Until I got to the top of the hill, I didn’t see the temple. He doesn’t enjoy classical music like other students.
(=He doesn’t enjoy classical music, but other students do.) Like other students, he doesn’t enjoy classical music. (=Neither the students nor he enjoys classical music.) (六)since自从…以来
since引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词，主句用完成时态。当主句表示“已经有多少时间“时，谓语动词可用一般现在时、现在完成时，有时用将来时。
例如：Dumbledore’s really busy now, we’ve only seen him twice since we came here. Since he graduated from the college, he has worked in this city.
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Jack came to see last month. Since we left school (till then), we had not seen each other.
Jennie had written her mother almost daily since she had been East. It has been/It is five years since we left our home twon.
Next Sunday it will be three years since I became an American citizen. 注意1）since引导的从句如果用延续性动词或状态动词的过去时，所表示的是这个动作或状态的完成或结束。例如：
It is a long time since Mark lived here.
Since he lived in Nanjing, I have not heard from him. It was years since I had worked with her.
注意2）since用作介词，后面接时间点，不接时间段；since还可用作副词。例如： We parted, and we haven’t met since. He hasn’t been home since 1988.
He has been writing the book since five years ago. He has been writing the book for five years. （七）by the time到…的时候
by the time引导的时间状语从句常用一般时，不用将来时，主句中的谓语动词多用过去完成时或将来完成时by the time的含义为“在之前”，主句是be时，可用一般时态。 例如：By the time the reached the airport, the plane had left. I shall have finished my work by the time he returns. By the time he got home, it was quite dark.
By the time my father retires, he will have been working for fifty years. (八)时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来时
例如：They will go home after they finish their work. I will let you know as soon as he arrives. (九)时间状语从句中的一些特殊句型 1.before的用法
It was (not)+ 时间段（long/ a long time）+before did“过了…才…，没…就。” It will be +时间段（long/ a long time）+before do/does“将过…才…。” Before…，+主句 或主句+before…“没来得及，就…。”
例如：The day began to break before we got to the hilltop. It will be three years before they meet again.
It was two hours ( a long time) before I got to sleep. Before I could sit down, she offered me a cup of tea. 2.since的用法
It is (has been)+时间段+since …did(非延续性动词)…“自从…到现在已…。” It is (has been)+时间段+since… did(状态动词)…已经多久没… …have/has done… since …did…自从…到现在已… …had done …since had done…自从…到…已…
例如：It is (has been) three years since he entered the university. It is (has been) four months since he lived here. Half a year had passed since Jennie had seen him. It was (had been) fifteen years since she had left. He has worked for the company since he left school.
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3.when的用法：
When相当于and then, just at that time的用法。When的语义就在这时突然。When从句必须放在主句之后，主句的时态用过去进行时、过去完成时或was/were about to do，从句用一般过去时。
It was +时间名词+when …did… “当…时，是…。”
例如：He had only just reached home when a man called to see him.
They were just about to give up the question when suddenly they found the answer.
It was ten o’clock when he got home.
I was walking in the park when I heard somebody call after me. 三、地点状语从句
地点状语从句是表示空间关系的从句结构。从属连词主要是where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。
例如：That made me content to stay where I was.
Everywhere they went, they were kindly received. They went wherever they could find work. We will go anywhere we are needed. 注意1）wherever与no matter where意思相近，都有“不管在哪里”之意，引导让步状语从句。例如：
Wherever/ No matter where you may go, I will not forget you.
注意2）有时where引出的地点状语从句容易与where引出的其它从句混淆。比较： Please put the instruments where they were.(状语从句)
Please put the instruments at the place where they were.（定语从句，where前面有先行词place）
They must go wherever we send them.(状语从句)
They must go where we send them.(状语从句，where表示特定地点)
They must go to any place where we send them.(where引出定语从句，修饰place) That’s the place where she was born.(where引出定语从句) That’s where she was born.(where引出表语从句) 四、条件状语从句
条件状语从句是表示前提或条件的从句结构，若主句为一般将来时，从句谓语需要用一般现在时代替将来时。条件状语从句可位于主句或主句后。 （一）if和unless
If表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”，相当于if… not。Unless一般不用于非真实条件句中。
例如：If we cannot touch the boy at his destination, then it must be done while hee travels.
In the end, they decided that they would not tell anything to Hagrid unless there was another attack.
If he doesn’t come before 12 o’clock, we won’t wait for him. I won’t lend the book to you unless you can return it in time.
If you don’t have a good command of English grammar, you won’t write good English.
注意：if 有时也可引导让步状语从句，相当于even if。例如：
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If he is poor, he is very honest.
If we break, we can benefit from our failure. (二)only if和if only only if引导的从句用陈述语气，意为“只要…”，放在句首主句的谓语要用部分倒装结构；if only引导的从句要用虚拟语气，也可引导感叹句，意为“但愿…，要是…就好了”。 例如：Only if he studies harder, can he catch up with others. If only I hard known it, I wouldn’t have troubled him. If only it would stop raining! （三）其他用来引导条件状语从句的连词
as (so) long as grantd/granting (that) given (that) in case 只要 假定 假设 如果 on condition that providing/provided that suppose/ supposing that 只要，条件是 假如 假如 例如：Would Harry be allowed to live there alone, given that he was still underage?
Given (that) they agree on the plan, we’ll have a new park in our city. So(As) long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed. Suppose/Supposing we can’t get the necessary equipment, the project can’t be finished on time. Granted/Granting that the data are reliable, what conclusion can you draw? I will pardon him providing/provided that he acknowldges his fault. I’ll buy it on condition that the goods are of good quality. (四) 条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来时 If it rains, we shall stay at home.
If you are free tomorrow, I will go to see you.
注意：如果从句表示的是主语的意志、意愿或以you作主语表示请求时，则用will, would。此时，will,would为情态动词，含义为“愿意”。例如： If you will wait, our manager will come to see you. I’d be very glad if you would come. 五、让步状语从句
让步状语从句是用作让步状语的分句结构，它和条件句在意义上有相通之处。在条件句中，主句中出现的情况以从句所表示的情况为前提；而让步状语从句中，则表示在某种相反的条件下，主句的情况却依然出现。
（一） though,although和as，语义为“虽然、尽管”
although和though同义，引导让步状语从句通常可以互换使用，而且可以与still,yet和neverthelss连用，而不能与but连用；although多用于正式文体，多位于句首，though多用于非正式文体的口语中，多为于句末；though可用作副词，意为“然而”，位于句中或句末，although则不能；though引导让步状语从句可用倒装语序，与as相同，although则不能。as引导让步让步状语从句一般位于主句之前，须用倒装语序，将副词、表语形容词、名词或谓语动词放在句首。表语是名词时，名词前一般不加冠词。
例如：Although/Though I am fond of music, (yet/still) I cannot play any instrument.
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Much as/though I admire his courage, I don’t think he acted wisely. Search as they would, they could find nobody in the house.
Teacher as/though Michael is, he is not capable of teaching all subjects.
Difficult as/though the situation was, nobody had the thought of giving in.
Exhausted as/though she was, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.
Harvest comes not every day, though it comes every year. It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.
(二)even if和even though，语义为“即使，虽然，尽管”
例如：Even if we invite him to the wedding, he probably won’t come. Even though he sat next to me, we never said a word to each other.
注意：even if和even though引导的从句可用陈述语气或虚拟语气，但含义有所不同。比较：
Even if I am busy,I will attend the meeting. Even if I were busy, I would attend the meeting. Even if/Even though I had known her address, I might not have had time to visit her.
(三)while
while引导让步状语从句时，意义相当于although,只能放在句首。
例如：While/Although he has some shortcomings, he has also some good points. While/Although I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you. (四） whether …or(not)
whether …or(not)可以引导让步状语从句，提供两个对比的情况，意为“不管…还是”。
例如：Whether we beat them or they beat us, the match will be enjoyable. Whether it rains or not, we shall go out for an outing tomorrow. (五） whatever, whenever,wherever, whoever, whichever和however
这几个词可以引导让步状语从句，也可以引出名词性从句，相当于no matter what( when, where,who, which, how),而no matter wh-只能引出让步状语从句，意思为“无论…”，表示不论在什么条件下进行随意的选择。
例如：Whatever (No matter what) happens, we shall never lose hope.
Anyone may point out the shortcomings in our work, whoever/ no mattr who (he is).
However hard( No matter how hard) I try, I can never catch up with him. Whichver suject (No matter which subject) you may study, you will experience the same difficulty.
注意：no matter可以同whether和if连用。例如：
No matter whether/if it snows or not, I shall start on the journey. （六） 其他用来引导状语从句的连词 despite the fact 不管 that for all that 大全
granting/granted (that) in spite of the fact that 即使、就算 尽管 尽管 实用文档
例如：For all (that) he has made mistakes, he is still a noble man.
Despite the fact that I had told him, he still made the same mistake.
Granted/ Granting (that) he has ability, it does not mean that he can do the work well.
六、原因状语从句
原因状语从句是用来表示主句中动作或状态的原因或理由的分句结构，可位于主句之前、之后或插在主句中间。
（一） because, since, as和for
because引导的原因状语从句语气最强，通常表示说话人认为这种原因是听话人所不知道的，因此，在回答why引出的问句时，只能用because。在语气上since次之，as最弱。as或since表示原因在说话人看来已经很明显，原因以外才是叙述的重点，因此两者多用于句首。在强调原因状语从句的句式中，只能强调because引导的从句。For为并列连词，表示的是附加、推断的理由，引导的分句只能后置，并且必须有逗号与主语隔开。当for引导的分句表示因果关系时，它可以和because交替使用，而只是对前面分句的内容加以解释或推断时，for就不能为because所替代。
例如：—Why are you sleeping outside on the porch tonight? —Because our air conditoner isn’t working. Since you insist, I will reconsider the matter.
As I haven’t seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it. It was because he was careless that he failed.
She was not helpless, for/because she had money of her own.
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning. You shouldn’t be angry just because some people speak ill of you.
注意：在because引导的从句中，如果主句为否定句，而主句和后面的从句之间没有逗号分开，这时not修饰的是后面的整个从句。例如： The country is not strong because it is large. (=The country is strong not because it is large.)
John didn’t many Alice because she was rich, or because she was pretty. (=John married Alice not because she was rich, nor because she was pretty.) I was not kind to him, because he was rude.(有逗号隔开) The machine did not stop because the fuel was used up.
(二)seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)和in that
这几个连词同since, as意义相近，都有“鉴于某个事实，原因是”的意思。
例如：Now that the weather has impoved, we’ll be able to enjoy the game.
Some old people prefer to wear clothes of brighter colours in that brighter colours make them look younger.
Seeing that the hall is already full, I think the meeting should now begin. Considering that he received no help, his results are very good. (三)not that …but that“不是因为，而是因为”
例如：Not that I don’t like the film, but that I have no time for it. He was successful, not that he was clever, but that he was diligent. (四)介词词组引导的原因状语从句
on the ground(s) that, for the reason that, by reason that, for fear that, owing to the fact that
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例如：He left on the grounds that he was ill.
I daren’t tell you what he did, for fear that he should be angry with me.
He was not severely punished for his crime by reason that he was very young. She looked down on him by reason that he was poor.
注意：due to, owing to, thanks to, because of都有“因为，由于”的意思，后面加名词。例如：
The accident was due to (owing to) his careless driving. They put off the trip, owing to the snow. 七、方式状语从句 （一） as和just as
这两个连词的意思“如…，犹如…，正如…”。just as比as的强调性更强。 例如：The day had turned sunny, just as he’d foretold. You should do (just) as I tell you.
They watched her closely as a cat watches a rat. Air is to man as water is to fish.
(=As water is to fish, so air is to man.) (=Air is to man what water is to fish.) (二)as if和as though
as if和as though两者意义相同，引导方式状语从句时意为“似乎，好像”。从句谓语动词可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气
例如:I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. He speaks English as if/ as though he were an Englishman. She treats me as if I were a stranger.
注意：as it/as though从句可以用省略形式，后面通常接不定式、分词、形容词、副词或介词短语。例如：
He left as if unable to endur such a life. She sat for a while as if (she was) stunned.
She stood at the door as if (she was) waiting for someone.
He raised his hand as though (he did this in order) to command silence. The boy looked around as if (he was) in search of something. (三)the way
the way (that) 引导方式状语从句，意为“正如，按照”
例如：The way that you are studying now, you won’t make such progress. Things developed just the way we had thought they would. 注意：like好像，就像（=as多用于口语中，现代英语中少用） They didn’t do it like we do it now. 八、目的状语从句
目的状语从句是表示主句中的动作或状态发生的目的或动机的分句结构。 （一） so that和in order that 这两个连词都表示“为了，以便”，常与may, can, should, might, could等情态动词连用，引导目的状语从句。in order that从句可放在主句前面或后面，而so that从句一般放在主句的后面，有时也可放在主句的前面。
例如：We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in good time.
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In order that he shouldn’t wake up his wife, he came in quietly. He’s learning English so that he can study in the United States.
So that she would not misuderstand him, he wrote her a long letter to clarify the fact.
注意：so that中的so有时可省略，只用that,有时也只用so;如果主、从句的主语一致，从句可换成in order to或so as to结构。
She got up early (so) that she could catch the first bus. We will do our best so (that) no lives may be lost.
She went downtown in order that she would buy some clothes. （=She went downtown in order to buy some clothes.）
He explained it again and again so that everyone could understand. （He explained it again and again so as to make everyone understand.） He explaind it again and again for everyone to understand.) （二） in case, lest和for fear that(以防，以免)
in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句通常虚拟语气结构，其形式为（should）+动词原形。in case句中的should通常不省略，而且也可用陈述语气。 例如：I hid the novel for fear that/lest/in case he should see it. He emphasized it again and again, lest she (should) forget. Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain(或rains)。
（三） so that引导的目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别
so that引导的目的状语从句常与can, may, could, might, will, would, should等情态动词连用，并可以放在主句之前或之后；而so that引导的结果状语从句只能放在主句之后，并常用逗号和主句分开，句中谓语动词一般不与情态动词连用，只是偶尔与can,could连用。
例如： I’m going to the lecture early so that I’ll get a good seat. I went to the lecture early, so that I got a good seat. She was exhausted, so that she couldn’t eat dinner.
They climbed higher so that they might/could get a better view of the city.
They climbed higher, so that they got a better view of the city.
九、结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示主句中某一动作所产生的结果的从句结构，通常主句是因，分句是果，常放在句末。
（一） so …that和such …that这样（如此）以致于 在此句型中要注意so后面的词：so+adj./adv./many(few)+复数名词/much(little)+不可数名词/adj.+a (an)+单数名词+that-clause。Such后面跟的词：such+a(an)+adj.+单数名词/adj.+复数名词/adj.+不可数名词+that-clause。
例如：The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. It was such a hot a day that even the crops withered. It was so hot a day that even the crops withered.
He had so many things to do that he was busy all day long.
He earned so little money that he could barely support his family. He made so inspring a speech that everybody got excited. He made such an inspring speech that everybody got excited.
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注意：so或such位于句首时，主句需要用部分倒装语序。例如： So badly was he injured that he had to go to the hospital. Such a good grammar book is this that you ought to have it. (二)so, that或so that
这三个词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最常见，so和that多用于口语或非正式文体中。
例如：He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted. He didn’t obey the contract, so he was fined.
His statement was clear that everybody was convinced. (三)such that“这样的…以致于”
例如：The job is such that it demands the greatest skill.
His courage is such that he does not know the meaning of fear. 十、比较状语从句
比较状语从句是用来比较两个人，两件事，两种状态等的从句结构。 （一） as…as“和…一样…”
as…as表示“和…一样地…”； not so (as) …as“不及…”，第一个as后面加原级形容词或副词。
例如：He considered her opnion as valuable as any of ours.
He described the scene as vividly as if he had been there. He didn’t study as/ so hard as his sister.
(二)than“比…更…一些”
Than引起的比较状语从句来表示和什么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略，而把相比的部分突出出来。除了从句外，than后面还可以跟名词、代词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、形容词等。
例如：There was no bond greater than one that required your life for another’s. This machine works more effectively than that one. He is more brave than wise.
I know him better than ( I know) her. He is more frightened than hurt. (三)表示倍数的比较级 表倍数时，要在原级或比较级前加twice, three times等程度状语，句型为： “…times+as…as”, “…times +比较级+than…”或 “…times +the size/ weight/length/width/height of…”
例如：On the earth everything is six times as heavy as on the moon. They made ten times more cars this year than they did last year. This box is 40% as heavy as that one.
Our school is three times the size of that one. （四） the+比较级+of+两个比较对象
在这种结构中，形容词比较级已转化成为名词，含义为“在两个中，较好”。 例如：She was the more promising worker of the two. This is the better of the two microscopes. （五） the+最高级+in/of结构
此结构用于三个以上的人或物之间的比较，如果那个最高级的事物就是范围中的一员，要用of或among;若仅表示范围，则用in。
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例如：This is the oldest house in the neighbourhood. She is the youngest of the family. （六） 形容词比较级（或副词比较级）的修饰语 可在形容词（或副词比较级）的修饰语
副词有：much, many, far, slightly, any, even, still, rather 短语有：a bit, a little, a lot, a great deal 例如：Your bicycle is far better than mine. That book is a great deal easier. She works a lot harder than before.
(七)形容词的比较级形式表示最高级的意义，主要用“否定词+比较级”
例如：I don’t know any other profession in the world that is better than destistry. (I think dentistry is the best prodession in the world.) (八)比较级应注意避免和包含自身的对象比，不要出现比较对象的重叠。 例如：Mary is more beautiful than any other girl in the class. China is larger than any country in Africa. (九)“the+比较级…,the+比较级…”意为“越…，就越…”。前半句相当于一个条件句，要用一般时代替将来时
例如：It’s believed that the harder you work, the better result you’ll get. The moment people you know, the less time you have to see them.
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