状语从句(Adverbial Clause)指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。
1.时间状语从句 【第1句】 (1)时间状语从句的定义
用表示时间的连词连接一个句子作状语,这样的主从复合句就是时间状语从句。连接时间状语从句的连接词有:when, before, after, while, as soon as, until, since...... 如果主句是一般将来时,从句只能用一般现在时表示将来意义。 (2)时间状语从句-从属连词
引导时间状语从句的普通类从属连词有when(当……时),while(在……期间), as(当……,一边……一边……),before(在……之前),after(在……之后),since(从……以来),till/until(直到),whenever(无论何时),as soon as(一……就)等。注意:在时间状语从句中,不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时,而要用相应的一般现在时态、一般过去时或现在完成时来代替。
2.地点状语从句 【第2句】
地点状语从句通常由where,everywhere和wherever引导,用来表达主句的动作发生的场所,已经形成了固定的句型: 句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。
【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。例如:
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible. 在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成 句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。
是“where+c陈述句”,从句可以在句首或句末。
3.原因状语从句 【第3句】
我们常用because, for, as和since这四个连词来引导原因从句,它们意义和用法不完全相同。在这四个连词中,because的语气最强,
只有它才能用来回答why的提问,所引出的原因往往是听话人所不知道的或最感兴趣的。
1. But as diet and health improved, children
and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. (2008 Text3)
【念念有词】
I) adolescent a. 青春期的;青少年的;n. 青少年。She says that risk-taking is normal adolescent behaviour.(她说冒险是青春期的正常表现。);I still remember my adolescent life.(我仍记得我青少年时期的生活。)
II) secular a. 世俗的;现世的;不朽的;非宗教的;n. 牧师;凡人。The choir sings both sacred and secular music.(唱诗班既唱圣乐也唱通俗歌曲。);Secular music was flatly prohibited.(通俗音乐是绝对禁止的。);secular education普通教育。
【句理力争】
本句是主从复合句,主句是children and adolescents have increased in height,而as引导的是时间状语从句;on average是插入语;a pattern known as the secular trend in height是对前面内容的进一步解释说明。secular trend意为“长期趋势”。
【译译生辉】
但是,随着饮食与健康状况的改善,儿童与青少年的身高平均每20年增长大约1.5英寸,这种模式被称为身高(增长)的长期趋势。
2. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.” (2011 Text 2)
【念念有词】
I) fundamentally ad. 基础地;根本地;从根本上讲。
Two approaches are fundamentally different(这两个处理方法完全不同。);Fundamentally, this is a matter for doctors.(从根本上讲,这是医生的事。)【同义词】basically
II) invert n. 颠倒的事物,翻转;同性恋;逆转;v. 使反转,使转化,使颠倒。In some languages, the word order in questions is inverted. (在某些语言里,问句的顺序是颠倒的。)
【句理力争】
本句的主干结构是says one headhunter,将谓语前置,形成主谓倒装。引号内为直接引语,充当says的宾语。直接引语由两个独立的句子构成,第一个句子由两个并列分句构成,前一个并列分句的主语为The traditional rule,后面跟随一个表语从句,(that)it’s safer to stay…,其中还包括一个地点状语从句。后一个并列分句由but引出。第二个独立句包含两个定语从句,均由who引导,分别修饰people和those。
【译译生辉】
一位猎头说:“传统的规则是待在现在的职位上更安全,但现在已完全不同了。那些受到最大伤害的人恰恰是在一个地方待得太久的人。”
3. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’
s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. (2013 Text 4)
【念念有词】
I) essence n. 本质,实质,要素;香精,香料。The essence of his speech is that we must work harder.(他发言的要旨是我们必须要更加努力地工作。)In essence his message was very simple.(从本质上说,他的留言很简单。)Good communications are of the essence to remain competitive.(良好的沟通对于保持竞争力来说十分重要。)
II) assert v. 声称,断言;主张拥有;果断地行动(或讲话)。It is commonly asserted that older people prefer to receive care from family members.(人们普遍觉得老年人更愿意由家人照顾。)I was determined to assert my authority from the beginning.(我决定一开始就维护我的权威。)
III) immigration n. 移居,移民入境。a barrier to control illegal immigration from Mexico(制止墨西哥非法移民的障碍)。
【句理力争】
该句的主干结构是The administration was…..asserting that…..,
后面是一个由that 引导的宾语从句,该宾语从句是复合句,其中含有一个由because引导的原因状语从句,而复合句的主句是no state should be allowed to do so either。
【译译生辉】
政府实际上是在声称,它不想贯彻国会的移民诉求,因此任何州也都不应该这样做。
1. 目的状语从句 【第1句】
目的状语从句就是在复合句中表示主句动作发生目的的状语从句,用以补充说明主句中谓语动词发生的目的的状语从句。引导目的状语从句的连词不多,比较常用的有in order that和so that,另外,in case有时也可引导目的状语从句。
(1)用in order that引导:in order that的意思是“为了”。
(2)用so that引导:so that此时的意思是“以便”。 (3)用in case引导:in case此时的意思是“以防” “以备”。
It's best to be as short,clear and factual as possible,in order that there may be no misunderstanding. 为了避免出现误解,最好尽可能的简短、清晰和实事求是。 (2) in case that, for fear that和lest都表示以防之意,表示
一种否定性的目的。
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case (that)we misunderstood him.
这位外籍教师讲话很慢,以防我们误解他的意思。
2. 结果状语从句 【第2句】
(1)结果状语从句表示主句的结果,所以总是位于主句之后,用so that或so...that...引导。
Many wives shoulder the prime responsibility for running the home,so that in most families the loss of the wife is more devastating than the loss of the husband.
许多妻子肩负起了养家的主要责任,所以对于多数家庭而言,失去妻子往往比失去丈夫更具有毁灭性。
(2)结果状语从句有时可用such (a) +名词(词组)+ that...构成。
I slapped her hand and she got such a shock that she dropped the bag.
我打了一下她的手,她一惊,把包给扔了。
3. 让步状语从句 【第3句】
让步状语从句是状语从句中的一种,其本身也是状语从句。一般翻译为\"尽管……\"或\"即使……\",就是我们日常生活中用的\"退
一步说…\"的感觉。
引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些:though, although, while, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter 疑问词,疑问词-ever,regardless of 名词/名词短语/名词从句,despite,in spite of。切记although,though 不可与but连用,但可以与still和yet连用。
as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though也可用于这样的结构中,但although不可以这样用。例如:
Object as you may, I’ll go. (= Though/Although you may object,I’ll go.) 纵使你反对,我也要去。
1. In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to Internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. (2013 Text 2)
【念念有词】
I) propose v. 打算;计划;向...提议;求婚;提名。I propose
an early start tomorrow morning.(我打算明天早上早点出发。);He proposed to buy and run a farm.(他计划购买并经营一个农场。)
II) track n. 轨道,跑道;踪迹;小路;乐曲v. 追踪;跟踪。The tram is being switched on to another track.(电车正被移至另外一条轨道上。);The cyclist went at full sail along the track.(自行车手沿着跑道全速前进。)
III) browser n. [计算机] 浏览器;浏览(书本等)的人;食草动物。Check with your browser for compatibility.(查看浏览器的兼容性)。
【句理力争】
本句的主干是America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to Internet browsers。其中,主语是FTC,谓语是propose,动名词短语adding a “do not track” (DNT) option to Internet browsers为宾语。其后面跟着一个由so that引导的目的状语从句,在该从句中,主语为users,谓语为could tell,而advertisers是其间接宾语,其后that引导的宾语从句为直接宾语。
【译译生辉】
2010年12月,美国联邦贸易委员会提议在互联网浏览器上增加“请
勿追踪”选项,以便用户告知广告商自己不希望被追踪。
2. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to and defendants. (2015 Text 2)
【念念有词】
I) implication 含意;暗示;暗指;卷入,牵连(尤指罪行中)。The new report has far-reaching implications for the future of broadcasting. (这一新报告对广播业的前途有些意味深长的暗示。);The trial resulted in the implication of several major figures in the organization.(审讯结果表明这个组织中几个主要人物都牵连在案。)
II) discernable a.可辨别的,可认识的。Dreams can only be discernable to the dreamer.(梦也许只有做梦的人可以解读。);There was no discernable signature.(没有可辨识的标记。);discern v. 看出,识别,辨认。In the gloom I could only just discern the outline of a building.(在黑暗中我只能依稀分辨出一座建筑物的轮廓来。);One can faintly discern the flavour of lemon.(可以隐约觉得有一点柠檬味。);discern sb’s true intentions(弄清某人的真实意
police,
lawyers
图)。
III) guideline n. 指导路线,指标,方针。They see the law only as a general guideline.(他们视法律为一般的准则。);This guideline is established by general consent.(这个纲领是经多数人同意而制定的。)
IV) defendant n. 被告。The defendant pleaded guilty and was fined $500. (被告认罪,并被罚款$500。)
【句理力争】
该句为复合句。主句为主系表结构Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious。so that 引导结果状语从句。
【译译生辉】
(新技术所带来的)影响有目共睹,甚至可谓显而易见,因此,法官能够应该向警方、律师和被告人提供更新后的指导方案。 3. While
Washington
and
Jefferson
privately
expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. (2008 Text 4)
【念念有词】
I) distaste n. 厌恶,讨厌。He looked around the filthy room in distaste.(他厌恶地看着这个肮脏的房间。);have a distaste for (反感); Harry nurtured a distaste for all things athletic.(哈里对有关体育的事情一概不太喜欢。);His mouth twisted with distaste.(他的嘴因反感而扭曲。)
II) bedrock n. 基岩;基本原则,基本原理。The poor suburbs traditionally formed the bedrock of the party's support.(贫穷的郊区在传统上构成了支持该党的牢固基础。);Honesty is the bedrock of a good relationship.(诚实是良好关系的基础。)
【句理力争】
while在这里含义为“尽管,虽然”,引导一个让步状语从句。该句的主句是后半句,其中主语是they,谓语是understood,宾语是由that连接的宾语从句。在从句中,主语是it,代指前文出现的slavery(奴隶制),谓语动词是was,表语是part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create。表语成分中又嵌套了一个定语从句,只不过从句中的关系代词被省略了,还原应该是country that they helped to create,省略的原因是that在从句中作宾语。
【译译生辉】
尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下里都表达了对奴隶制的反感,但是他们也知
道奴隶制是他们努力创建的这个国家政治与经济基础的一部分。 1. 条件状语从句 【第1句】
由引导词if或unless引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。在英文中,条件是指某一件事情实现之后(状语从句中的动作),其它事情(主句中的动作)才能发生,通常译作\"假如\"。(注意:在含有条件状语从句的复合句中,表示将来时态,主句是一般将来时态, 祈使句或情态动词,从句要用现在时态, [主将从现原则](主将从现,将并非指将来时,还指表示将来含义的,跟着if后的那句话是从句。)
2. 比较状语从句 【第2句】
状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。比较状语从句是其中的一种,主要运用于形容词和副词的原级、比较级及最高级的句子之中。
原级:as…as(和……一样),not so(as)…as …(和不一样); 比较级:more…than(更);
最高级:the most…in/of, the + 形容词 + est…of/in。 常用引导词:as(同级比较),than (不同程度的比较); 特殊引导词:
the more … the more … ; no … more than;not A so much as B。
(1) as + 形容词或副词+as
Eyes are as eloquent as lips (are). 眼睛像嘴唇一
样富于表现力。
(2) as+adj+a(n)+可数名词单数+as
His function analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 他的职责与法官相似,必须承担这样的责任:用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己作出的决定的推理过程。 (3) 表示倍数比较的三总句型结构
① 倍数+比较级结构:A is three times bigger(或其他形容词的比较级) than B
② 倍数+as...as 结构:A is three times as big(或其他形容词的原级) as B
③ 倍数+名词结构:A is three times the size(或其他形容词对应的名词形式) of B
(4) as much as 表示在同等程度上。
Small as it is ,the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.
尽管蚂蚁很小,但是它同地球上的任何其他动物一样,也是一种动物。
(5) not so much ...as有两种结构,not A so much as B或者not so much A as B,译为: “与其说A倒不如说B” , 或者是“是B, 而不是A”。
The great ting in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving. 人生的意义不在于你目前身在何处,而在于你心向何方。
3. 方式状语从句 【第3句】
常见的引导词有表示“像……”的as和表示“好像……”的as if/as though, 例方式状语从句如:
Let’s study as Lei Feng studied. 让我们像雷锋那样学习吧。 Think as I think. 像我这样去想。
He talks as if/though he is drunk. 从他谈话的样子来看他好像醉了。 状语从
常用连接词
句类型
1.时间名词或短语:the
moment, the instant, the 1时间when, while, as, before,
minute, the day, next
状语从since ,till, until, as
time, every time等
句 soon as
2.副词:instantly,
immediately, directly
特殊连接词
3.固定搭配的连词:no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when
2地点
特殊引导词:wherever,
状语从where
anywhere, everywhere
句
特殊引导词: seeing that, now that, in that,
3原因because = in that,
状语从since=now that(既然), as, considering that, given 句
for(补充说明)
that(考虑到).
for fear that(唯恐/生怕), in the hope that(带着..希
4目的
望), for the purpose that
状语从so that, in order that,that
(带着..目的), to the end
句
that
5结果so...that, so that, such... such that, to the degree 状语从that
that, to the extent that, to
句 6让步
although, though, even
状语从
though, even if
句
7条件
状语从if, unless 句
8比较
状语从as, than
句
such a degree that,
as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite
of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever, as if = as though(仿佛)
as/so long as (只要), only if,
providing / provided that (倘若), supposing that(倘若), in case that(以防), on condition that
the more … the more … ;
just as …, so…;
A is to B what /as X is to Y
(A对B来说,像X对Y一样);
no … more than; not A so much as B
9方式
状语从as, as if, how 句
1. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. (2010 Text 3)
【念念有词】
I) embrace v. 拥抱;包含;包围;接受;信奉n. 拥抱。The settlers embraced the Christian religion.(移民者信奉基督教。);She held out her arms to embrace the little girl.(她伸出双臂来拥抱那个小女孩。);The talks embraced a wide range of issues.(这些谈话涉及的问题非常广泛。)
II) influential a. 有权势的,有影响的;n. 有影响力的人物。You may be fated to have a very influential incarnation.
the way
(你可能注定是一种非常有权势的化身。);The committee was influential in formulating government policy on employment.(委员会左右着政府就业政策的制定。)
【句理力争】
本句为主从复合句,主句为Marketers have embraced the two-step flow,其余部分为because引导的原因状语从句。在原因状语从句中,谓语动词suggests后面接一个由that引导的宾语从句。而宾语从句中含有一个if引导的条件状语从句。对于这种含多级从句的句子,应该一层一层地理解,即先把同一层次的内容看完,再看下一层次的内容。
【译译生辉】
营销商非常欢迎这种两极传播理论,因为这就意味着,如果他们恰好能够发现并且影响那些有影响力的人物,那么那些精挑细选出来的人就会代他们完成剩下的大部分工作。
2. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. (2006 翻译)
【念念有词】
I) primary adj. 首要的;主要的;初级的;初等教育的;根本的;初期的n. 第一位;初选;最主要者;要素;原色;初级线圈 primary goal(主要目标); primary meeting (预选会
); primary colors (
红
、
黄
、
蓝
)
三
原
色; primary education (初等教育); primary evidence (基本
证
据
); primary importance
(
头
等
重
要); primary school(小学)。
II) moral n. 寓意,道德上的教训,教训道德,品行,修身之道,伦理adj.道德的
【词义辨析】moral, ethical, honorable, righteous, virtuous这组词都含有“有道德的”的意思。
moral与ethical有时可以互换, moral着重指个人的言行符合严格的道德标准; ethical着
重指公共道德、伦理道德; honorable是普通用语,主要指在与他人交往过程中,光明正大
讲道德、守原则、有信誉; righteous主要指具有严格的道德标准,通常指“一本正经的,古
板的”,含有不能容忍的意味; virtuous主要指“贞洁的”,私生活中没有污点的,是比较严肃
的用语。moral discussion关于道德的讨论 moral education(思想品德教育); moral right
(道义上的权利)。
III) code n. 密码;法规;准则v. 制成法典;把 ... 编码用作名词 (n.) 动词+~break a code(破译密码 )形容词+~civil code(民法);criminal code (刑法名词+~area code number(地区直拨号)。
【句理力争】
本句是一个复合句,主句是But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,本句中no more...than是not...any more than 的变体,这个句型是用来表示两个事物之间的类比关系。
【译译生辉】
但是,他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德问题,就如同不能指望商人专注于探讨其行为规范一样。
3. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere politics and embody a spirit of national unity. (2015 Text 1)
【念念有词】
I) polarize v. 使两极分化;相冲突,截然相反。an issue which
has polarized public opinion (使舆论两极分化的问题);Public opinion has polarized on this issue. (在这个问题上公众的意见已两极分化。)
II) regime n. 政体,政权;盛行的管理方式或制度(如商业中的)。a socialist/fascist regime(社会主义/法西斯制度);changes made under the present regime(现行管理方法带来的变化) III) monarch n. 君主,帝王。(pl.) monarchs。It is time for the Americans and the monarchs to reaffirm their alliances by convincing each other of their intentions.(是时候让美国和这些君主国通过向彼此澄清各自的意图以巩固同盟关系了。);monarchy n. 君主政体;君主制;君主国。plans to abolish the monarchy(废除君主政体的计划);The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy.(英国是君主立宪国。)
IV) embody v. 体现,象征,使具体化;包含,收录。To me he embodies all the best qualities of a teacher.(在我看来, 他本身体现了教师应有的一切优秀品质。);The latest computer model embodies many new features.(最新型的计算机具备许多新功能。)
【句理力争】
该句为复合句。主句中,monarchs为主语,can rise和embody是两个并列谓语。When public opinion is particularly polarized是
时间状语从句。as it was following the end of the France regime是方式状语从句,修饰前面的时间状语从句,而且由两个逗号隔开,可看作插入语。
【译译生辉】
当公众舆论像佛朗哥统治结束时那样严重两极分化时,君王可以超越“纯粹的”政治,成为国家统一精神的“象征”。
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